试论埃及穆斯林兄弟会政治动员和参与

发布时间：2018-12-12 03:21

【摘要】：伊斯兰政治动员和政治参与一直是关涉中东伊斯兰国家政治发展道路和方向的重大议题，因而深受国际社会及学术界的关注。2010年末中东变局发生以来，伊斯兰力量在政治上强势崛起，一些伊斯兰组织已经从草根状态的反对派变身为执掌大权的当政者。埃及穆斯林兄弟会乃是其典型代表。因此，从政治动员和政治参与视角考察埃及穆斯林兄弟会，不仅可以揭示当前伊斯兰主义在政治上的崛起，也有助于认识中东伊斯兰国家的政治发展道路。从这个意义上说，本项研究有着重要的学术价值和现实意义。埃及穆斯林兄弟会的政治实践是在埃及特定政治环境下的产物，它对埃及政治发展进程产生了深远的影响。本文依据政治发展理论，，考察并分析了穆兄会政治动员和参与的外部环境、组织结构、方式和特点、效果和影响等内容。第一章介绍了埃及政党政治这一穆兄会政治动员和参与的政治环境，排斥民众动员和参与以及缺乏广泛的社会基础是这一环境的主要特点。第二章介绍了穆兄会政治动员和参与的理念和组织结构，包括对穆兄会影响深远的三位领导人哈桑·班纳、赛义德·库特卜和哈桑·胡代比政治动员和参与理念的介绍以及对由公开系统、准军事系统和秘密系统组成的穆兄会组织结构的介绍。第三章分析和总结了穆兄会政治动员和参与的方式及特点，着重介绍了穆兄会是如何通过提供公共服务、参加议会选举等方式在政治体系内扩展其影响力的，进而概括了穆兄会动员和参与的二重性特点及国家能力、制度化参与渠道这两个因素在不同时期对这种二重性倾向的影响。第四章对穆兄会政治动员和参与效果进行了总结和评价。本文认为，穆兄会政治动员和参与的成功代表着民众政治的兴起，构成埃及特定政治环境下民众动员和参与的方式，这是其进步的一面；另一方面，穆兄会以宗教为基础的意识形态使其将现代化过程中普遍存在的“发展危机”简单地归因于偏离“真正的伊斯兰”，从而提出“伊斯兰就是解决方法”，因此，它无法深刻认识埃及发展危机的深层原因，无法提出切实可行的政治社会纲领，这是其局限性。然而，随着埃及政治环境的改变，穆兄会自身也在逐渐转型，其灵活性和适应性逐步增强。目前，随着制度化参与渠道的建立，其对埃及政治发展影响最为深远的问题就是执政的自由与正义党能否真正成为一个强大、独立自主又致力于民主的政党，还是正如反对派所说的仅仅是穆兄会操纵埃及政治的工具，这一问题仍有待观察。因此，埃及变局后的政治转型和政治发展道路充满着不确定性。
[Abstract]:Islamic political mobilization and political participation has always been a major issue concerning the way and direction of the political development of the Islamic countries in the Middle East, and has therefore attracted the attention of the international community and the academic community. Since the Middle East changed at the end of 2010, Islamist forces have emerged politically, and some Islamist groups have moved from grassroots opposition to power. The Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt is a typical example. Therefore, studying the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood from the perspective of political mobilization and political participation can not only reveal the current rise of Islamism in politics, but also help to understand the political development of Islamic countries in the Middle East. In this sense, this study has important academic value and practical significance. The political practice of the Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt is the result of the specific political environment in Egypt, which has a profound influence on the political development of Egypt. Based on the theory of political development, this paper investigates and analyzes the external environment, organizational structure, mode and characteristics, effect and influence of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation. The first chapter introduces the political environment of political mobilization and participation of the Brotherhood in Egypt, which is characterized by the exclusion of popular mobilization and participation and the lack of a broad social base. Chapter II describes the concept and organizational structure of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation, including Hassan Banner, the three leaders with far-reaching influence on the Brotherhood, Introduction to the ideas of political mobilization and participation by said Kuteb and Hassan Houdibi, as well as to the organization of the Brotherhood, which consists of open systems, paramilitary systems and secret systems. The third chapter analyzes and summarizes the ways and characteristics of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation, focusing on how the Brotherhood expands its influence within the political system by providing public services and taking part in parliamentary elections. Then it summarizes the dual characteristics of the Brotherhood's mobilization and participation and the influence of the two factors, such as the national capacity and the institutionalized participation channel, on this duality tendency in different periods. Chapter four summarizes and evaluates the effect of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation. This paper holds that the success of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation represents the rise of popular politics, which constitutes the way of public mobilization and participation under the specific political environment in Egypt, which is the progressive aspect of the Brotherhood's political mobilization and participation. On the other hand, the Brotherhood's religiously based ideology simply ascribes the "crisis of development" that prevailed in the process of modernization to deviations from "true Islam", thus proposing that "Islam is the solution", Its limitation is its inability to deeply understand the underlying causes of Egypt's development crisis and to put forward practical political and social programs. However, as Egypt's political environment changes, the Brotherhood itself is transforming itself, with increased flexibility and adaptability. At present, with the establishment of institutionalized channels of participation, the most far-reaching issue affecting the political development of Egypt is whether the ruling Liberal and Justice Party can truly become a strong, independent and democratic political party. Or, as the opposition puts it, simply the Brotherhood's tools for manipulating Egyptian politics, the question remains to be seen. As a result, Egypt's political transformation and political development after the road is full of uncertainty.
【学位授予单位】：中国社会科学院研究生院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D815.4

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