中国国家安全观研究（1949-2011）
发布时间：2019-05-17 18:03
【摘要】：国家安全观是指国家的执政者、参政者等对国家安全的认识、观点,以及在此基础上形成的理论体系,它包括执政者、参政者等对国家所处的安全环境和威胁的评估、判断,以及选择维护国家安全利益的策略和手段。国家安全观受多种因素的影响,一旦形成就具有一定的稳定性,但它又是一个动态的观念,处于不断的发展变化之中,随着时间、环境、主要国家领导人等的变化而有所变化。国家安全观对于一个国家具有重要作用,科学的国家安全观可以使国家以最小成本维护国家安全,而不科学的国家安全观则可能使得维护国家安全的成本大大提高,甚至会危害国家安全。在新中国成立之初,中国认为世界正处于新的伟大时代,世界大战不能避免,而美国正在对中国实施战争威胁、和平演变。随着中苏关系的恶化,中国被迫“两个拳头打人”。后来,中国主动调整了对美关系,联合美国对抗苏联。影响毛泽东时期中国国家安全观的主要因素有：复杂的国际、国内环境,早期以意识形态论亲疏,苏共及中苏关系的影响,遭破坏的民主集中制,对中国国情国力的误判,以及毛泽东的个人特质等等。为了维护国家安全,建国初,中国在外交上采取了“一边倒”政策,后来被迫“反帝反修”同时进行,最终采取了联美抗苏,“一条线”、“一大片”的政策。在军事上,毛泽东时期的中国参加了抗美援朝、爆发了中印边界冲突。为了预防苏联的进攻,中国还进行了积极的备战。但是,在这一时期,中国也曾力主以政治方式解决印度支那问题,这表明中国对待战争问题的态度是非常理性的。此外,中国还曾积极尝试以武力的方式解放台湾,但无果而终。新中国成立后,毛泽东还提出了“中间地带”理论,后发展为“三个世界”理论。在邓小平时期,中国对国家安全的认识更加科学。邓小平认为时代主题是“和平与发展”,并且最终认为世界大战可以避免。但随着国内、国际形势的变化,邓小平认为国内有着资产阶级自由化的倾向,国外则有敌对势力对中国搞“和平演变”。邓小平时期,中国认为威胁国家安全的其它因素还有霸权主义与不平等的国际政治经济秩序等。而影响这一时期中国国家安全观的主要因素有：国际格局与国际形势的新变化,邓小平的个人特质,对中国国力的客观判断等等。这一时期,中国维护国家安全的主要设想与措施有：在对外关系上以国家利益为重,不以意识形态论亲疏,逐渐从联美抗苏(不结盟)到开展独立自主的全方位外交。在世界局势风云突变的背景下,提出中国属于第三世界、决不当头,提倡建立国际政治新秩序,积极裁军并加强军队现代化建设；在对待周边领土争端问题上邓小平提出了搁置争议、共同开发,寻求共同利益；针对台湾、香港等问题,邓小平创造性地提出了“和平统一、一国两制”方针。此外,中国还被迫发起对越自卫反击战。当然,邓小平对中国自身的发展及国家实力有着深刻的认识,一再强调一切以经济建设为中心。江泽民时期,中国认为和平与发展仍然是时代主题,而且世界正走向多极化；世界大战可以避免,但有爆发局部战争的威胁。这一时期,中国认为威胁国家安全的主要因素是霸权主义,但非传统安全问题突显。影响江泽民时期中国国家安全观的主要因素有：国际国内局势急剧变化,如苏联解体；海湾战争、9·11事件等,也在很大程度上对中国有刺激；而这一时期,中国认为自身处于社会主义初级阶段,并将在较长时期内处于这一阶段。江泽民时期维护国家安全的设想与措施有：内功上坚持改革开放,在对外关系上提出睦邻友好政策,提出新安全观,积极裁军,实行积极防御的军事战略方针,反霸、努力推动多极化,积极推动建立国际政治经济新秩序,加入世贸组织并签订、加入众多国际条约；此外,还积极尝试解决台湾问题。胡锦涛时期,中国认为“要和平、促发展、谋合作是时代的主旋律”,但霸权主义和强权政治依然存在。这一时期中国认为威胁国家安全的来源多维度、多层次,非传统安全问题进一步突显。影响胡锦涛时期中国国家安全观的主要因素有：国际国内局势复杂多变,中国自身的实力发生了较大变化。在胡锦涛时期,中国还首次对外宣布了自己的核心利益。胡锦涛时期中国维护国家安全的设想与措施有：坚持并扩大改革开放,提出“和平崛起”这一概念并对其舍弃,转而提出“坚持和平发展道路”,中国还积极实施裁军与军控,积极参加维和行动,扩大对外援助规模,推动建设和谐世界。此外,中国还积极对台湾问题予以应对。随着“和平发展”、“和谐世界”等理念的提出及实践,中国的国家安全观日趋成熟、科学,但也存在一些问题,主要是它主要体现为总原则,但在实际运用过程中并不能给中国的大多数安全问题的解决提供指导,在一定程度上失去了指导维护国家安全而采取措施的意义。因此,有必要学习借鉴他国的安全观,积极在可操作层面有所改进。
[Abstract]:The national security concept refers to the national security awareness, the view, and the theoretical system formed on the basis of the state's consul, the political participation, etc., which includes the assessment and judgment of the security environment and the threat to which the state is located, And to select strategies and means to safeguard national security interests. The national security concept is affected by a variety of factors, and once formed, it has certain stability, but it is a dynamic concept, which is in constant development and change, with the change of time, environment, major state leader and so on. The national security concept has an important role in a country, and the scientific national security concept can make the country maintain the national security at the minimum cost, and the unscientific national security concept can make the cost of maintaining the national security be greatly improved, and can even harm the national security. At the beginning of the founding of the new China, China is of the view that the world is in the new great era, and the world war can't be avoided, and the United States is making a threat to China and the evolution of peace. With the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, China is forced to ". ..two fists.". Later, China has actively adjusted its relations with the United States and the United States against the Soviet Union. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during the period of Mao Zedong are: the complex international and domestic environment, the influence of the early on ideology, the influence of the Soviet Union and the Sino-Soviet relations, the destruction of the democratic centralism, the misjudgment of China's national conditions, and the individual characteristics of Mao Zedong, etc. In order to safeguard the national security, in the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China adopted the "one edge" policy in the foreign affairs, and then was forced to take the "anti-imperialist and anti-repair" at the same time, and finally adopted the policies of the United States against the Soviet, the "line" and the "a large area". In the military, the Chinese in the period of Mao Zedong took part in the Sino-Indian border conflict, and broke out the border conflict between China and India. China has also made active preparations to prevent the Soviet offensive. However, in this period, China has also tried to resolve the Indochina issue in a political way, which shows that China's attitude to the issue of war is very rational. In addition, China has actively tried to free Taiwan by force, but it is no fruit. After the founding of the new China, Mao Zedong also put forward the "intermediate zone" theory, and then developed into the "the three worlds" theory. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China's understanding of national security is more scientific. Deng Xiaoping is of the view that the theme of the times is the "peace and development", and finally the world war can be avoided. But with the change of the domestic and international situation, Deng Xiaoping thinks that China has the tendency of bourgeois liberalization, and the foreign countries have hostile forces to make a "the evolution of peace" to China. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China is of the view that other factors that threaten national security are the international political and economic order of hegemonism and inequality. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during this period are: the new change of the international situation and the international situation, the personal characteristics of Deng Xiaoping, the objective judgment of the Chinese people, and so on. During this period, the main ideas and measures to safeguard the national security in China are: to focus on the interests of the State in the external relations, not to be in the form of ideology, and to gradually move from the United States to the United States (non-aligned) to the independent and all-round diplomacy. in that context of the sudden change of the situation in the world, it is propose that China is a third world, and it is by no means the first to promote the establishment of a new international political order, to be active in disarmament and to strengthen the modernization of the army, and to put aside the dispute and develop jointly on the issue of the settlement of the disputes in the surrounding territories, In seeking common interests, Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the "Peaceful reunification, one country, two systems" policy for the issues of Taiwan, Hong Kong and so on. In addition, China has also been forced to launch a fight against the more self-defence. Of course, Deng Xiaoping has a profound understanding of China's own development and its national strength, and has repeatedly stressed that it is the center of economic construction. During the period of Jiang Zemin, China believed that peace and development remained the theme of the era, and the world is moving towards a multi-polar world. The world war can be avoided, but there is a threat of a local war. During that period, China believed that the main factors that threatened the security of the country were hegemonism, but the non-traditional security issue was highlighted. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Jiang Zemin are that the international situation of China has changed dramatically, such as the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Gulf War, the 9.11 incident and so on, and it also has a great influence on China; and during that period, China is of the view that itself is in the primary stage of socialism, And will be in this stage over a longer period of time. Chinese President Jiang Zemin's vision and measures to maintain national security in the period of Jiang Zemin's internal skill is to adhere to the reform and opening-up policy, put forward a good-neighborly and friendly policy in the field of foreign relations, put forward the new security concept, the active disarmament, the military strategic policy of active defense, the anti-hegemonism and the efforts to promote the multi-polarization, We will actively promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order, join the WTO and sign and join a large number of international treaties, and actively try to solve the Taiwan question. During the period of Hu Jintao, China considered the "To promote peace, promote development, and seek cooperation is the main melody of the times", but hegemonism and power politics still existed. In this period, China is of the view that the source of the threat of national security is multi-dimensional, multi-level and non-traditional security. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Hu Jintao are as follows: The situation of the international situation is complex and changeable, and the strength of China's own strength has changed greatly. During the period of Hu Jintao, China has also announced its core interests for the first time. China's vision and measures to safeguard national security during the period of Hu Jintao: to adhere to and expand the reform and opening-up, to put forward the concept of "the rise of peace" and to abandon it, and to put forward the "stick to the path of peaceful development". China also actively implements disarmament and arms control, actively participates in peacekeeping operations, and expands the scope of external assistance. Promote the building of a harmonious world. In addition, China is also actively responding to the question of Taiwan. With the development and practice of the concept of "the development of peace", "harmonious world" and so on, China's national security concept is becoming more and more mature and scientific, but there are some problems, which are mainly embodied as the general principle, but can not provide guidance to the solution of most safety problems in China during the actual application. The significance of measures to guide the maintenance of national security has been lost to some extent. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the security concept of other countries and to be active at the operational level.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D820
本文编号：2479300
[Abstract]:The national security concept refers to the national security awareness, the view, and the theoretical system formed on the basis of the state's consul, the political participation, etc., which includes the assessment and judgment of the security environment and the threat to which the state is located, And to select strategies and means to safeguard national security interests. The national security concept is affected by a variety of factors, and once formed, it has certain stability, but it is a dynamic concept, which is in constant development and change, with the change of time, environment, major state leader and so on. The national security concept has an important role in a country, and the scientific national security concept can make the country maintain the national security at the minimum cost, and the unscientific national security concept can make the cost of maintaining the national security be greatly improved, and can even harm the national security. At the beginning of the founding of the new China, China is of the view that the world is in the new great era, and the world war can't be avoided, and the United States is making a threat to China and the evolution of peace. With the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, China is forced to ". ..two fists.". Later, China has actively adjusted its relations with the United States and the United States against the Soviet Union. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during the period of Mao Zedong are: the complex international and domestic environment, the influence of the early on ideology, the influence of the Soviet Union and the Sino-Soviet relations, the destruction of the democratic centralism, the misjudgment of China's national conditions, and the individual characteristics of Mao Zedong, etc. In order to safeguard the national security, in the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, China adopted the "one edge" policy in the foreign affairs, and then was forced to take the "anti-imperialist and anti-repair" at the same time, and finally adopted the policies of the United States against the Soviet, the "line" and the "a large area". In the military, the Chinese in the period of Mao Zedong took part in the Sino-Indian border conflict, and broke out the border conflict between China and India. China has also made active preparations to prevent the Soviet offensive. However, in this period, China has also tried to resolve the Indochina issue in a political way, which shows that China's attitude to the issue of war is very rational. In addition, China has actively tried to free Taiwan by force, but it is no fruit. After the founding of the new China, Mao Zedong also put forward the "intermediate zone" theory, and then developed into the "the three worlds" theory. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China's understanding of national security is more scientific. Deng Xiaoping is of the view that the theme of the times is the "peace and development", and finally the world war can be avoided. But with the change of the domestic and international situation, Deng Xiaoping thinks that China has the tendency of bourgeois liberalization, and the foreign countries have hostile forces to make a "the evolution of peace" to China. During the period of Deng Xiaoping, China is of the view that other factors that threaten national security are the international political and economic order of hegemonism and inequality. The main factors that affect China's national security concept during this period are: the new change of the international situation and the international situation, the personal characteristics of Deng Xiaoping, the objective judgment of the Chinese people, and so on. During this period, the main ideas and measures to safeguard the national security in China are: to focus on the interests of the State in the external relations, not to be in the form of ideology, and to gradually move from the United States to the United States (non-aligned) to the independent and all-round diplomacy. in that context of the sudden change of the situation in the world, it is propose that China is a third world, and it is by no means the first to promote the establishment of a new international political order, to be active in disarmament and to strengthen the modernization of the army, and to put aside the dispute and develop jointly on the issue of the settlement of the disputes in the surrounding territories, In seeking common interests, Deng Xiaoping creatively put forward the "Peaceful reunification, one country, two systems" policy for the issues of Taiwan, Hong Kong and so on. In addition, China has also been forced to launch a fight against the more self-defence. Of course, Deng Xiaoping has a profound understanding of China's own development and its national strength, and has repeatedly stressed that it is the center of economic construction. During the period of Jiang Zemin, China believed that peace and development remained the theme of the era, and the world is moving towards a multi-polar world. The world war can be avoided, but there is a threat of a local war. During that period, China believed that the main factors that threatened the security of the country were hegemonism, but the non-traditional security issue was highlighted. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Jiang Zemin are that the international situation of China has changed dramatically, such as the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Gulf War, the 9.11 incident and so on, and it also has a great influence on China; and during that period, China is of the view that itself is in the primary stage of socialism, And will be in this stage over a longer period of time. Chinese President Jiang Zemin's vision and measures to maintain national security in the period of Jiang Zemin's internal skill is to adhere to the reform and opening-up policy, put forward a good-neighborly and friendly policy in the field of foreign relations, put forward the new security concept, the active disarmament, the military strategic policy of active defense, the anti-hegemonism and the efforts to promote the multi-polarization, We will actively promote the establishment of a new international political and economic order, join the WTO and sign and join a large number of international treaties, and actively try to solve the Taiwan question. During the period of Hu Jintao, China considered the "To promote peace, promote development, and seek cooperation is the main melody of the times", but hegemonism and power politics still existed. In this period, China is of the view that the source of the threat of national security is multi-dimensional, multi-level and non-traditional security. The main factors that affect the Chinese national security concept during the period of Hu Jintao are as follows: The situation of the international situation is complex and changeable, and the strength of China's own strength has changed greatly. During the period of Hu Jintao, China has also announced its core interests for the first time. China's vision and measures to safeguard national security during the period of Hu Jintao: to adhere to and expand the reform and opening-up, to put forward the concept of "the rise of peace" and to abandon it, and to put forward the "stick to the path of peaceful development". China also actively implements disarmament and arms control, actively participates in peacekeeping operations, and expands the scope of external assistance. Promote the building of a harmonious world. In addition, China is also actively responding to the question of Taiwan. With the development and practice of the concept of "the development of peace", "harmonious world" and so on, China's national security concept is becoming more and more mature and scientific, but there are some problems, which are mainly embodied as the general principle, but can not provide guidance to the solution of most safety problems in China during the actual application. The significance of measures to guide the maintenance of national security has been lost to some extent. Therefore, it is necessary to learn from the security concept of other countries and to be active at the operational level.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D820
【引证文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 丁冬;;出版与创新社会管理[J];出版发行研究;2013年03期
，本文编号：2479300
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