欧洲难民危机背景下德国的难民政策研究
发布时间：2019-05-28 13:23
【摘要】：2010年末以来,西亚和北非地区局势持续动荡不安,在复杂的国际格局、地缘政治以及历史与宗教因素共同作用下,大量跨出国境寻求庇护的难民通过地中海和西巴尔干路线大举进入欧洲。联合国难民署数据显示,2013年涌入欧洲的难民约为6万人,2014年上升到21.9万名。进入2015年后,难民规模迅速扩大,欧洲大陆正面临着二战以来最严重的难民危机。作为欧盟国家中申请避难者最重要的目标国之一,德国在应对此次危机中起到举足轻重的作用。德国联邦移民与难民局率先于2015年8月25日表态将对叙利亚避难申请者暂停执行都柏林条例,对于没有登记的叙利亚难民也将批准其避难申请。此后,随着不断涌入的难民潮,许多问题随之显现。执政联盟内部及各党派之间分歧不断,极右翼党派势力扩张,民意转变迅速。2016年2月,德国趋势调查显示,民众对默克尔政绩的满意度为46%,跌至2011年8月以来最低值。默克尔政府针对此次难民危机采取了怎样的举措?这些政策发展变化背后有哪些深层次原因及影响因素?德国各党派及社会各界对政府的难民政策持怎样的态度?基于此次难民危机对德国和其他欧洲国家产生的深远影响,以及德国和欧盟在应对危机过程中所暴露出的问题,对上述问题进行深入研究具有较强现实意义。论文共分六章。第一章提出本文的研究背景、选题目的和文献综述,并对相关概念进行界定。第二章阐述论文的理论基础,即由安德鲁·莫劳夫奇克创立的以国家偏好为导向的新自由主义。第三章以1993年《避难妥协法》的颁布和德国难民政策在欧盟共同难民政策框架下的发展为切入点,介绍德国难民政策的历史发展过程。第四章和第五章为本文核心章节。其中,第四章详细阐述默克尔政府在欧洲难民危机背景下的难民政策,首先分析此次欧洲难民危机的发展过程及其爆发根源,随着危机发展德国不断调整本国的难民政策,总体来看,其变化发展经历了从谨慎观望到开放欢迎再到逐渐收紧三个阶段。第五章结合以国家偏好为导向的新自由主义,提出本文的核心假设,即:国家偏好决定国家的行为选择,国家偏好并非固定不变,而是国内政治行为体和社会行为体互动的结果。价值观念、经济利益和安全威胁等因素影响国内各行为体的偏好,使国内行为体的偏好发生变化,进而使国家偏好发生变化,从而导致国家的行为变化。通过从价值观念、经济利益和安全威胁三方面分析影响德国在难民政策中国家偏好的因素,以及这些因素对德国执政联盟和其他政党等政治行为体以及商界、社会团体、选民等社会行为体各自偏好的影响,结合德国在此次危机中的难民政策发展变化轨迹,分析国内行为体偏好与国家偏好以及国家行为选择的因果路径,验证上述假设。总体而言,在影响德国难民政策国家偏好的因素中,价值观念起基础作用。德国社会长期秉承的人道主义价值观念奠定了难民政策整体基调,在其制定和发展中长期发挥作用。其次,经济利益是现实的利益。短期来看难民政策对德国财政造成了一定负担,长远看则会发挥正面效应,缓解老龄化趋势,提供青壮年劳动力,拉动经济增长和本国人就业。最后,安全要素是现实的威胁。随着大量难民涌入,一方面刺激极右翼暴力排外事件增多,另一方面难民群体内部犯罪行为和宗教恐怖活动增加了整个社会的不安和安全漏洞。综合来看,反对开放性难民政策的各党派和民众看到的是短期经济负担和现实安全威胁,默克尔和德国商界则更多着眼于价值观念和长期财富。
[Abstract]:Since the end of 2010, the situation in the West and North African regions has continued to be volatile and, with the common role of complex international patterns, geopolitical and historical and religious factors, the large number of refugees seeking asylum across the country through the Mediterranean and Western Balkans routes into Europe. UNHCR data showed that the number of refugees to Europe in 2013 was about 60,000, up from 21.9 million in 2014. As a result of the rapid expansion of the size of the refugee population in 2015, the European continent is facing the most serious refugee crisis since the Second World War. As one of the most important target countries for asylum-seekers in the European Union, Germany has played an important role in responding to the crisis. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees of Germany, taking the lead in its statement of 25 August 2015, will suspend the implementation of the Dublin regulations for asylum-seekers in Syria and will also approve its asylum application for unregistered Syrian refugees. Since then, with the influx of refugees, many problems emerge. In February 2016, the German trend survey showed that people's satisfaction with Ms. Merkel's performance was 46%, falling to the lowest since August 2011. What's the government's move to the refugee crisis? What are the underlying causes and factors behind these changes in policy development? What is the attitude of all the German parties and all sectors of society to the government's refugee policy? Based on the profound impact of this refugee crisis on Germany and other European countries, and the problems exposed by Germany and the European Union in dealing with the crisis, it is of great practical significance to study the above-mentioned problems. The thesis is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, the research background, the purpose of the subject and the literature review are put forward, and the relevant concepts are defined. The second chapter expounds the theoretical basis of the paper, that is, the new liberalism, which is founded by Andrew Morovchke, which is guided by the national preference. The third chapter introduces the history and development of the German refugee policy in the light of the promulgation of the Act of the Asylum Compromise in 1993 and the development of the German refugee policy in the framework of the EU's common refugee policy. The fourth and the fifth chapter are the core chapters of this paper. The fourth chapter details the refugee policy of the German government in the context of the European refugee crisis, first analyses the development process of the European refugee crisis and its root causes, and with the development of the crisis, Germany constantly adjusts its national refugee policy, and in general, The development of its changes has experienced a gradual tightening of three phases from a cautious view to an open welcome. The fifth chapter, combined with the new liberalism oriented by the country's preference, put forward the core hypothesis of the article, that is, the country preference determines the behavior choice of the country, the national preference is not fixed, but the result of the interaction between the domestic political behavior body and the social behavior body. The factors such as the values, the economic interests and the security threats affect the preferences of the various actors in the country, so that the preference of the domestic actors is changed and the country's preference is changed, leading to the change of the behavior of the country. through the analysis of the factors that affect the country's preferences in the refugee policy from three aspects of values, economic interests and security threats, as well as the impact of these factors on the individual preferences of the political actors such as the German governing coalition and other political parties, as well as the business, social groups, voters and other social actors, In the light of the changing trajectory of the development of the refugee policy in Germany, the causal path between the preference of domestic actors and the country's preference and the choice of the country's behavior is analyzed, and the above-mentioned assumptions are verified. In general, values are based on values that affect the country's preferences of the German refugee policy. The long-term humanitarian value of the German community has laid the overall tone of the policy of the refugees and has a long-term role in its formulation and development. Second, economic interests are the interests of reality. In the short term, the policy of the refugees has a certain burden on the German finance. In the long run, it will play a positive role in alleviating the aging trend, providing the labor force of the young and the middle-aged, and pulling the economic growth and the employment of the national people. Finally, the security element is a real threat. With the influx of large numbers of refugees, on the one hand, there has been an increase in the number of extreme right-wing violent and xenophobic incidents, and on the other hand, the internal criminal and religious activities of the refugee population have increased the social unrest and security gaps. In a comprehensive view, the parties and the population against open-label refugee policy see short-term economic burdens and real security threats, with merkel and the german business community more focused on values and long-term wealth.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D815.6
本文编号：2487100
[Abstract]:Since the end of 2010, the situation in the West and North African regions has continued to be volatile and, with the common role of complex international patterns, geopolitical and historical and religious factors, the large number of refugees seeking asylum across the country through the Mediterranean and Western Balkans routes into Europe. UNHCR data showed that the number of refugees to Europe in 2013 was about 60,000, up from 21.9 million in 2014. As a result of the rapid expansion of the size of the refugee population in 2015, the European continent is facing the most serious refugee crisis since the Second World War. As one of the most important target countries for asylum-seekers in the European Union, Germany has played an important role in responding to the crisis. The Federal Office for Migration and Refugees of Germany, taking the lead in its statement of 25 August 2015, will suspend the implementation of the Dublin regulations for asylum-seekers in Syria and will also approve its asylum application for unregistered Syrian refugees. Since then, with the influx of refugees, many problems emerge. In February 2016, the German trend survey showed that people's satisfaction with Ms. Merkel's performance was 46%, falling to the lowest since August 2011. What's the government's move to the refugee crisis? What are the underlying causes and factors behind these changes in policy development? What is the attitude of all the German parties and all sectors of society to the government's refugee policy? Based on the profound impact of this refugee crisis on Germany and other European countries, and the problems exposed by Germany and the European Union in dealing with the crisis, it is of great practical significance to study the above-mentioned problems. The thesis is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, the research background, the purpose of the subject and the literature review are put forward, and the relevant concepts are defined. The second chapter expounds the theoretical basis of the paper, that is, the new liberalism, which is founded by Andrew Morovchke, which is guided by the national preference. The third chapter introduces the history and development of the German refugee policy in the light of the promulgation of the Act of the Asylum Compromise in 1993 and the development of the German refugee policy in the framework of the EU's common refugee policy. The fourth and the fifth chapter are the core chapters of this paper. The fourth chapter details the refugee policy of the German government in the context of the European refugee crisis, first analyses the development process of the European refugee crisis and its root causes, and with the development of the crisis, Germany constantly adjusts its national refugee policy, and in general, The development of its changes has experienced a gradual tightening of three phases from a cautious view to an open welcome. The fifth chapter, combined with the new liberalism oriented by the country's preference, put forward the core hypothesis of the article, that is, the country preference determines the behavior choice of the country, the national preference is not fixed, but the result of the interaction between the domestic political behavior body and the social behavior body. The factors such as the values, the economic interests and the security threats affect the preferences of the various actors in the country, so that the preference of the domestic actors is changed and the country's preference is changed, leading to the change of the behavior of the country. through the analysis of the factors that affect the country's preferences in the refugee policy from three aspects of values, economic interests and security threats, as well as the impact of these factors on the individual preferences of the political actors such as the German governing coalition and other political parties, as well as the business, social groups, voters and other social actors, In the light of the changing trajectory of the development of the refugee policy in Germany, the causal path between the preference of domestic actors and the country's preference and the choice of the country's behavior is analyzed, and the above-mentioned assumptions are verified. In general, values are based on values that affect the country's preferences of the German refugee policy. The long-term humanitarian value of the German community has laid the overall tone of the policy of the refugees and has a long-term role in its formulation and development. Second, economic interests are the interests of reality. In the short term, the policy of the refugees has a certain burden on the German finance. In the long run, it will play a positive role in alleviating the aging trend, providing the labor force of the young and the middle-aged, and pulling the economic growth and the employment of the national people. Finally, the security element is a real threat. With the influx of large numbers of refugees, on the one hand, there has been an increase in the number of extreme right-wing violent and xenophobic incidents, and on the other hand, the internal criminal and religious activities of the refugee population have increased the social unrest and security gaps. In a comprehensive view, the parties and the population against open-label refugee policy see short-term economic burdens and real security threats, with merkel and the german business community more focused on values and long-term wealth.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D815.6
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相关期刊论文 前6条
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