英国对德外交研究，1919-1933
发布时间：2019-06-25 11:59
【摘要】：第一次世界大战结束后不久,协约国在巴黎召开了处置战败国的国际会议。作为主要的战胜国之一,英国为了自身的利益而赞同惩处战败的德国。然而,基于现实利益和外交政策中的均势传统,英国又反对严惩德国。在这一原则的指导下,战后的英国逐渐走上了扶持德国复兴的道路。在巴黎和会上,英国反对法国肢解德国的计划,这一点在划定德国战后疆界上特别明显;在战后德国赔款问题上,英国主张减少甚至取消这样的赔款,以加速战后德国经济的恢复；为了重建战后大陆均势,英国积极协助德国恢复往昔的大国地位,这点在《洛迦诺公约》和德国加入国际联盟上表现的尤为突出。 在英国的帮助下,德国在1929年之前已经成为一个重要的西欧国家,但逐渐强大的德国要求不断打破和约下的束缚。经济危机期间,在英国的协助下,德国终于取消了所有的赔款。在1932年的裁军大会上,德国要求实现军备平等,并以此为由宣布退出大会。对此英国先是自己极不情愿地同意了,随后又成功说服法国同意德国的主张。在希特勒成为德国总理之前,固守均势原则的英国在对德国外交上基本采取的是扶持政策。本文分三章讨论了从1919到1933年初之间英国对德外交。 第一章主要分析了从一战结束到鲁尔危机期间英国对德外交。战争结束后,英国逐渐调整了对德政策。在巴黎和会上,英国主张适度而公平地对待战败德国,反对法国严惩德国的种种要求。在维持均势原则的前提下,英国在赔款问题上对德国采取了较为宽容的态度。而法国从自身的利益出发,要求获得高额的赔款。因此,这一阶段的英国对德政策更直接地表现为英法在赔款上的斗争。 第二章论述了英国在经济上和政治上促成德国的复兴。在英美等国的压力下,法国接受了以国际专家委员会的方式解决德国赔款问题。随后的道威斯计划和杨格计划使得战后德国经济恢复与繁荣成为可能。在英国的保证下而签订的《洛迦诺公约》进一步提高了德国的国际地位,其后德国成为国际联盟常任理事国,进一步标志着德国大国地位的恢复。 第三章探讨了魏玛德国覆灭之前的英国对德政策的演变。在世界经济危机的背景下,英国成功的取消了德国的赔款。强大起来的德国进而要求打破外在的所有束缚,因而在1932年的裁军大会上要求实现军备平等,企图突破凡尔赛和约的军事限制。为此德国不惜宣布退出裁军大会。对于忧心忡忡的英国勉强同意了德国要求的军备平等,并迫使法国放弃了反对的态度。 总体而言,战后的英国在均势原则指导下采取了扶持德国的外交政策,而这在某种程度上加速了德国的复兴,并且使得德国有机会成为一个野心勃勃的大国。这是第二次世界大战爆发的一个原因。
[Abstract]:Shortly after the end of World War I, the allies held an international conference in Paris to deal with the defeated countries. As one of the main victors, Britain is in favour of punishing defeated Germany for its own benefit. However, based on realistic interests and the tradition of balance of power in foreign policy, Britain opposes severe punishment of Germany. Under the guidance of this principle, Britain gradually embarked on the road of supporting German revival after the war. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain opposed France's plan to dismember Germany, which is particularly obvious in delineating Germany's post-war boundary. On the issue of post-war German compensation, Britain advocated reducing or even abolishing such compensation in order to accelerate the recovery of German economy after the war. In order to restore the balance of power after the war, Britain actively helped Germany restore its status as a great power in the past, especially in the Logano Convention and Germany's accession to the League of Nations. With the help of Britain, Germany had become an important Western European country before 1929, but the increasingly powerful Germany demanded that the shackles under the peace treaty be broken. During the economic crisis, with the help of Britain, Germany finally cancelled all compensation. At the 1932 disarmament conference, Germany called for arms equality and announced its withdrawal from the conference. Britain first reluctantly agreed, and then succeeded in persuading France to agree with Germany. Before Hitler became German prime minister, Britain, which adheres to the principle of balance of power, basically adopted a supportive policy towards German diplomacy. This paper is divided into three chapters to discuss British diplomacy with Germany from 1919 to early 1933. The first chapter mainly analyzes British diplomacy with Germany from the end of World War I to the Ruhr crisis. After the war, Britain gradually adjusted its policy towards Germany. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain advocated moderate and fair treatment of defeat to Germany and opposed the demands of France to severely punish Germany. On the premise of maintaining the principle of balance of power, Britain has adopted a more tolerant attitude towards Germany on the issue of compensation. France, on the other hand, demands high compensation from its own interests. Therefore, this stage of British policy towards Germany is more directly manifested in the struggle between Britain and France on compensation. The second chapter discusses that Britain contributed to the revival of Germany economically and politically. Under pressure from Britain and the United States, France accepted an international committee of experts to resolve the German compensation problem. The subsequent Dawes and Young plans made possible the recovery and prosperity of the German economy after the war. The Logano Convention, signed under the guarantee of the United Kingdom, further enhanced Germany's international status, and then Germany became a permanent member of the League of Nations, further marking the restoration of Germany's status as a great power. The third chapter discusses the evolution of British policy towards Germany before the fall of Weimar Germany. In the context of the world economic crisis, Britain successfully cancelled German compensation. A strong Germany, in turn, demanded that all external shackles be broken, and therefore called for arms equality at the 1932 Conference in an attempt to break through the military restrictions of the Versailles Peace Treaty. To this end, Germany does not hesitate to announce its withdrawal from the Conference on Disarmament. Worried Britain reluctantly agreed to Germany's demand for arms equality and forced France to abandon its opposition. Overall, Britain, guided by the principle of balance of power, adopted a foreign policy to support Germany, which to some extent accelerated Germany's recovery and gave Germany the opportunity to become an ambitious power. This was one of the reasons for the outbreak of the second World War.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D856.1;D851.6
本文编号：2505667
[Abstract]:Shortly after the end of World War I, the allies held an international conference in Paris to deal with the defeated countries. As one of the main victors, Britain is in favour of punishing defeated Germany for its own benefit. However, based on realistic interests and the tradition of balance of power in foreign policy, Britain opposes severe punishment of Germany. Under the guidance of this principle, Britain gradually embarked on the road of supporting German revival after the war. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain opposed France's plan to dismember Germany, which is particularly obvious in delineating Germany's post-war boundary. On the issue of post-war German compensation, Britain advocated reducing or even abolishing such compensation in order to accelerate the recovery of German economy after the war. In order to restore the balance of power after the war, Britain actively helped Germany restore its status as a great power in the past, especially in the Logano Convention and Germany's accession to the League of Nations. With the help of Britain, Germany had become an important Western European country before 1929, but the increasingly powerful Germany demanded that the shackles under the peace treaty be broken. During the economic crisis, with the help of Britain, Germany finally cancelled all compensation. At the 1932 disarmament conference, Germany called for arms equality and announced its withdrawal from the conference. Britain first reluctantly agreed, and then succeeded in persuading France to agree with Germany. Before Hitler became German prime minister, Britain, which adheres to the principle of balance of power, basically adopted a supportive policy towards German diplomacy. This paper is divided into three chapters to discuss British diplomacy with Germany from 1919 to early 1933. The first chapter mainly analyzes British diplomacy with Germany from the end of World War I to the Ruhr crisis. After the war, Britain gradually adjusted its policy towards Germany. At the Paris Peace Conference, Britain advocated moderate and fair treatment of defeat to Germany and opposed the demands of France to severely punish Germany. On the premise of maintaining the principle of balance of power, Britain has adopted a more tolerant attitude towards Germany on the issue of compensation. France, on the other hand, demands high compensation from its own interests. Therefore, this stage of British policy towards Germany is more directly manifested in the struggle between Britain and France on compensation. The second chapter discusses that Britain contributed to the revival of Germany economically and politically. Under pressure from Britain and the United States, France accepted an international committee of experts to resolve the German compensation problem. The subsequent Dawes and Young plans made possible the recovery and prosperity of the German economy after the war. The Logano Convention, signed under the guarantee of the United Kingdom, further enhanced Germany's international status, and then Germany became a permanent member of the League of Nations, further marking the restoration of Germany's status as a great power. The third chapter discusses the evolution of British policy towards Germany before the fall of Weimar Germany. In the context of the world economic crisis, Britain successfully cancelled German compensation. A strong Germany, in turn, demanded that all external shackles be broken, and therefore called for arms equality at the 1932 Conference in an attempt to break through the military restrictions of the Versailles Peace Treaty. To this end, Germany does not hesitate to announce its withdrawal from the Conference on Disarmament. Worried Britain reluctantly agreed to Germany's demand for arms equality and forced France to abandon its opposition. Overall, Britain, guided by the principle of balance of power, adopted a foreign policy to support Germany, which to some extent accelerated Germany's recovery and gave Germany the opportunity to become an ambitious power. This was one of the reasons for the outbreak of the second World War.
【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D856.1;D851.6
【参考文献】
相关期刊论文 前1条
1 刘阿明;一战后初期英国对欧政策及其影响[J];江西社会科学;2003年09期
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