英国国家科技政策的演变（1850年代至1990年代）

发布时间：2018-01-20 05:14

本文关键词： 国家科技政策政府科学技术英国　出处：《苏州科技学院》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：第一次工业革命以来,科学技术具有了重大的经济意义。政府与科技界出现了时常合作的局面。19世纪后期,社会的进步已从经济竞争转变为智力竞争,而此时政府对科学技术抱以冷淡的态度,两者之间矛盾冲突不断。“科学改革”的失败使英国错过了关键的历史时机。20世纪初期,科技和教育界人士再次联合起来要求国家迅速扭转科技和教育的不利局面。一战使英国损失惨重,政府也逐步的认识到忽视科学技术给国家命运带来的严重损害。几经曲折,英国才形成正式的国家科技政策。一战后,英国政府采取一系列有利于科技和教育发展的措施,有所成就,但也碰到很多困难。一战后二战前的国家科技政策是成就与失败共存的“胜利与悲剧”。二战后国家科技政策已成为重要的国家政策之一,有了深入的发展。二战后初期,国家尚有将科技力量用于国内经济建设的方向。但1950年代初,随着“冷战”趋势的出现,世界局势日趋紧张。英国将国家科技政策明显倾向重视军事。英国继“科学改革”之后再次失去重大的历史时机,铸成大错。 1950年代中期以来,科学问题已经成为英国整个社会关注的重大问题,“科学革命的烈火”在英国社会燃起。英国全社会都对国家科技政策产生质疑甚至对其完全否定。但此时随着国家科技政策的政治化,历届政府虽在社会的压力下进行过多次政策调整,但都未取得良好的效果。政府与科技界之间的关系跌宕起伏,在合作中摩擦与矛盾不断。而如此曲折的关系是多种因素影响的结果。政府与科技界之间真正的力量来自于相互理解与合作。
[Abstract]:Since the first Industrial Revolution, science and technology have had great economic significance. The government and the scientific and technological circles have often cooperated. In the late 19th century, social progress has changed from economic competition to intellectual competition. At this time, the government held a cool attitude towards science and technology, and the conflict between the two was constant. The failure of the "scientific reform" made Britain miss the crucial historical opportunity in the early 20th century. Once again, the scientific and educational circles United to demand that the country quickly reverse the adverse situation of science, technology and education. The first World War caused great losses to Britain. The government also gradually realized that ignoring science and technology brought serious damage to the national fate. After several twists and turns, the United Kingdom formed a formal national science and technology policy. After the first World War, the British government took a series of measures to promote the development of science and technology and education, and made some achievements. However, there are many difficulties. The national science and technology policy before the first World War is the "victory and tragedy" of the coexistence of achievements and failures. After World War II, the national science and technology policy has become one of the important national policies. In the early years after World War II, the state still used the power of science and technology in the direction of domestic economic construction. But in the early 1950s, with the emergence of the "Cold War" trend. The world situation is becoming more and more tense. Britain is obviously inclined to attach importance to the military in its national science and technology policy. After the "scientific reform," Britain has once again lost its great historical opportunity and made a big mistake. Since the mid-1950s, scientific issues have become a major concern of the entire British society. "the fire of the scientific revolution" was ignited in the British society. The whole society of Britain questioned the national science and technology policy and even completely denied it. However, with the politicization of the national science and technology policy at this time. Successive governments have made many policy adjustments under social pressure, but have not achieved good results. The relationship between the government and the scientific and technological community has fluctuated. Friction and contradiction continue in cooperation. Such a tortuous relationship is the result of many factors. The real power between government and science and technology comes from mutual understanding and cooperation.
【学位授予单位】：苏州科技学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K561.4

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