19世纪上半叶西欧颅相学的传播及意义初探

发布时间：2018-01-20 13:03

本文关键词： 19世纪上半叶颅相学乔治·库姆　出处：《浙江大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：颅相学起源于18世纪末的维也纳,它曾一度被认为是"科学"。本文在对颅相学的产生、传播、繁荣的研究基础上,剖析颅相学给19世纪上半叶的西欧社会带来的具体影响,同时进一步探究颅相学的现实意义。虽然在今人看来,曾在19世纪被视为科学的颅相学理论早已漏洞百出,是一门真真切切的伪科学,但在笔者看来,它仍具有重要的研究价值。本文除引言与结语部分外,一共分为三个部分:第一部分首先从颅相学理论的奠基者高尔、施普尔茨海姆、乔治·库姆等入手,探讨颅相学理论的起源,并理清颅相学理论逐步完备的史实。其次,大量的历史资料表明颅相学曾在19世纪上半叶的西欧受到广泛地关注。早在19世纪20年代至30年代,颅相学就获得杰出的科学家、知识分子,甚至是医学界的领军人物的认可;各地颅相学学会、颅相学讲座、颅相学展览吸引大量人流;颅相学期刊、书籍、与颅相学相关的商品供不应求,市场上一度出现大量颅相学头骨的仿品,乔治·库姆的颅相学专著《人类体格》的销量相媲于《圣经》的销量;社会上寻求颅相学家"摸骨看相"的现象不绝,民众不惜重金寻求颅相学家为自己测颅定论等。笔者分析了上至王公贵族、精英领袖,下至普通民众对颅相学的看法,并探究颅相学融入大众生活并对当时社会生活产生的具体影响。颅相学影响到当时选拔雇员的方式与雇员自身的职业选择、影响到家长教育子女的方式以及改变社会上对罪犯和精神病人的看法等。本文的第二部分主要探讨颅相学能够在19世纪上半叶的欧洲取得繁荣的原因。颅相学的繁荣并非一蹴而就,其最初的传播遭到强烈地抵制,反颅相学家激烈地批评颅相学家的宿命论、无神论的倾向;"大脑不能等同于颅盖骨"的观点也有力地冲击着颅相学的传播;传统基督教徒对颅相学的控诉等都阻碍颅相学进一步传播。为了探讨颅相学得以广泛传播的原因,笔者试图从颅相学的"科学化";青年医生对颅相学的拥护;乔治·库姆等颅相学家对颅相学理论的系统阐述;大量颅相学相关的学会、期刊、讲座、课程、廉价书籍的涌现等方面探讨颅相学在19世纪上半叶欧洲获得繁荣的原因。颅相学的影响并未随着其被证实为伪科学而消失殆尽,在今天看来,它仍具有重要的现实意义。本文第三部分主要探讨颅相学对教育领域带来的影响。根据颅相学的理论,虽然生理性遗传是大脑结构的重要基础,但同时后天的个人经历也能够改变大脑结构,从而影响大脑功能,而教育则是促进大脑功能完善的最佳途径。颅相学家,尤以乔治·库姆为例,他认为自己的哲学思想有利于构建科学的教育系统,同时为了训练更多人的智力器官他大力地推行教育改革。乔治·库姆通过教育的方式在推广颅相学传播的同时也给教育领域本身带来深远影响,他提出的教学内容、教育原则、教师培训等教育理论对当下的教育家仍有重要的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:Phrenology originated in Vienna at the end of eighteenth Century, it was once thought of as "science". The spread of phrenology, basic research, prosperity, specific analysis of phrenology brought to the first half of nineteenth Century in Western European society, and further explore the practical significance of phrenology. Although in the modern view in nineteenth Century, once considered a scientific theory of phrenology already is a pseudo science Its loopholes appeared one after another., really, but in my opinion, it still has important research value. In addition to the introduction and epilogue, is divided into three parts: the first part starts from the foundation of the theory of phrenology Goyle. Spurzheim, George Kum start to explore the origins of phrenology theory, and clarify the historical facts of phrenology theory gradually complete. Secondly, a large number of historical data show that phrenology was in the first half of the nineteenth Century the Western Europe has been widely More and more attention. As early as 1820s to 30s, phrenology won outstanding scientists, intellectuals, and even the leader of the medical profession recognized; around the phrenological society, phrenology, phrenology exhibition to attract a large number of people; phrenology journals, books, and phrenology commodity in short supply, large phrenology the skull replica once appeared on the market, George Kum's phrenology monograph < > human physical sales comparable to Bible sales; seek phrenologists "famed physiognomy" phenomenon in society, people spared no expense to seek phrenologists for their conclusion. The cephalometric analysis of nobility, the elite to ordinary people's views on phrenology, and explore phrenology into public life and the specific impact on social life at that time. The phrenology affect the time selection of employees and employers Occupation choice librarians, affect the parents to educate their children and change the society of criminals and mental patients views. The second part mainly discusses the phrenology can in the first half of the nineteenth Century European achieved prosperity. Phrenology prosperity is not accomplished overnight, the initial spread was strongly resist, anti phrenologists fierce criticism phrenologists fatalism atheism tendency; "the brain is not equal to the cranium" views have a strong impact on the spread of phrenology; traditional Christian on phrenology charges are hindering the further spread of phrenology. In order to explore the reasons of phrenology widely spread and the author tries to phrenology "scientific" young doctors; support for phrenology; George Kum phrenologists of the system described the theory of phrenology; a large number of phrenology related association journal, Lectures, courses, explore the causes of phrenology in the first half of the nineteenth Century was the emergence of European prosperity as cheap books. With the influence of phrenology has not proved to be pseudoscience and disappear, in this view, it still has important practical significance. The third part mainly discusses the influence of phrenology brought to the field of education. According to the theory of phrenology, although genetic physiology is an important basis of brain structures, but also acquired the personal experience can change brain structure, thus affecting the brain function, and education is the best way to promote brain function improvement. Phrenologists, especially in the case of George Kum, he believes that his philosophical thoughts is conducive to building a scientific education system, at the same time in order to train more people's intelligence organs he vigorously promote the reform of education. George Coombs by way of education in the promotion of phrenology. While broadcasting also brings far-reaching influence to the educational field itself, the educational theories put forward by him include teaching contents, educational principles, teacher training and other educational theories, which are of great significance for contemporary educators.

【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B08;K141

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