1947-1951年美国南亚政策研究

发布时间：2018-01-21 04:31

本文关键词： 美国南亚印度巴基斯坦 “英联邦”战略 “堡垒”　出处：《东北师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 第二战结束后,南亚地区的民族解放运动高涨,战后实力衰退的英国不得已抛出蒙巴顿方案。1947年8月印度宣布独立,巴基斯坦宣布建国,揭开了南亚次大陆的新篇章。从1947年到1949年上半年,美国的战略重心主要集中在欧洲和东南亚,南亚甚少被关注。在南亚地区,美国主要奉行“英联邦”战略,希望通过英国或联合国保障其在南亚的利益,尽量不直接插手南亚事务,并与印度和巴基斯坦均保持友好关系,不偏袒任何一国,但印度“天然”的南亚领导者姿态,使得美国难免偏向印度。 1949年下半年,共产党取得中国政权的趋势愈益明显,苏联原子弹试爆成功以及1950年6月朝鲜战争爆发,形势的变化使南亚对于美国的战略意义不断加大。美国外交决策机构开始重新审视南亚政策,国家安全委员会相继出台了NSC48/2号文件、NSC68/3号文件和NSC98/1号文件,逐渐勾勒出美国南亚政策的全景。同时,美国加大了对南亚地区的投入,与印度和巴基斯坦发展友好关系,并试图拉拢其加入西方阵营。不过,在政策的推行过程中,印度坚持“中立主义”政策,使美国逐渐将目标转向巴基斯坦。本文以唯物主义历史观为指导,运用国家利益、地缘政治学等国际关系理论及历史学和国际政治学综合研究方法,解析1947—1951年间美国有关美国南亚政策的解密档案和文献,力图揭示美国南亚政策的演变。美国南亚政策是冷战不断扩大并波及南亚的产物,其实质是美国试图通过加强与印度和巴基斯坦的友好,将南亚发展成为其防御和遏制苏联及共产主义的“堡垒”。全文由三部分组成: 第一部分:阐述了美国南亚政策出台的背景。包括:杜鲁门主义出台;英帝国日渐颓势与蒙巴顿方案出台。第二部分:阐述了美国南亚政策出台的过程。包括:美国与南亚关系缘起;战后美国南亚政策出台的两个阶段:其一,“英联邦”战略阶段;其二,南亚“堡垒”战略阶段。第三部分:阐述了1947—1951年美国南亚政策的实施,着重论述美国南亚政策“由印到巴”的演变过程。包括:以印度为中心的美国南亚政策;1949年开始由印度向巴基斯坦靠近;1950—1951年与巴基斯坦发展更为密切的关系。第四部分:对美国南亚政策的评述。包括:美国南亚政策服务于全球冷战战略;美国南亚政策的特点;对美国南亚政策的评价。
[Abstract]:After the end of World War II, the national liberation movement in South Asia rose, and Britain had to throw out the Montbadon plan after the post-war power decline. In August 1947, India declared independence and Pakistan declared a state. From 1947 to the first half of 1949, the strategic focus of the United States mainly focused on Europe and Southeast Asia, South Asia is very little attention in South Asia. The United States, which mainly pursues the "Commonwealth" strategy, hopes to safeguard its interests in South Asia through the United Kingdom or the United Nations, refrain from directly interfering in South Asian affairs, and maintain friendly relations with both India and Pakistan. No country is favoured, but India's "natural" leadership stance in South Asia makes it inevitable for the United States to favour India. In the second half of 1949, the trend of the Communist Party to acquire Chinese power became more and more obvious, the Soviet Union succeeded in the atomic bomb test and the Korean War broke out in June 1950. The change of the situation makes the strategic significance of South Asia to the United States continuously increase. The US diplomatic decision-making organs began to re-examine the South Asia policy, and the National Security Council issued document NSC48 / 2 one after another. Documents NSC68 / 3 and NSC98 / 1 gradually outline the overall picture of the United States' South Asia policy. At the same time, the United States has increased its investment in South Asia and developed friendly relations with India and Pakistan. And tried to lure it into the West. However, in pursuing the policy, India insisted on a "neutral" policy, leading the United States to gradually shift its target to Pakistan. Under the guidance of historical materialism, this paper applies the theory of international relations, such as national interest, geopolitics, and the comprehensive research methods of history and international politics. By analyzing the declassified archives and documents of American South Asia policy from 1947 to 1951, the author tries to reveal the evolution of American South Asia Policy, which is the product of the Cold War's expansion and spread to South Asia. In essence, the United States is trying to develop South Asia into a "fortress" for its defense and containment of the Soviet Union and communism by strengthening its friendship with India and Pakistan. The full text consists of three parts: The first part expounds the background of American South Asia policy, including Truman Doctrine, British Empire declining day by day and Mombarton Plan. The second part describes the process of American South Asia policy, including: the origin of the relationship between the United States and South Asia; Two stages of American South Asia policy after the war: first, the strategic stage of "Commonwealth"; Second, the strategic phase of South Asia's "fortress". The third part expounds the implementation of American South Asia policy from 1947 to 1951, focusing on the evolution of American South Asia policy from India to Pakistan, including: the American South Asia Policy centered on India; In 1949, India began to move closer to Pakistan; Develop a closer relationship with Pakistan in 1950-1951. Part 4th: comments on American South Asia Policy, including: the South Asia Policy serving the Global Cold War Strategy; the characteristics of American South Asia Policy; and the Evaluation of American South Asia Policy.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K712.5

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