中世纪西欧流行病及其防治研究

发布时间：2018-02-01 13:32

本文关键词： 流行病中世纪西欧检疫　出处：《陕西师范大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：2014年埃博拉病毒在西非爆发。作为一种罕见流行病,此次病毒疫情成为有记录以来最为严重的埃博拉疫情。流行病的蔓延,促使我们思考人与疾病的关系。研究中世纪西欧的流行病及其防治,不仅可以窥视出中世纪人们的疾病认识历程,以期更为全面地了解其生存状态,更能够启迪当下,为认识和防治新的流行病(包括旧有流行病的新形式)提供借鉴。本文由绪言、正文、结语和参考文献四部分组成。绪言中首先对论文的选题意义和目的加以概述,其次重点介绍国内外学术界对该选题及相关问题的研究现状,再次介绍基本研究方法和思路,最后简单阐述本选题的创新之处。正文则包括以下三个部分：第一部分对中世纪西欧的流行病进行研究。城市化的兴起、公共卫生恶劣、个人卫生糟糕、医疗水平低下和地域交往频繁等原因,使得流行病在获得充足宿主的情况下,得以四处蔓延：中世纪西欧的流行病种类很多,但鼠疫、麻风、天花和梅毒爆发的次数最多,对时人的危害也最大,它们的传播具有死亡率高、覆盖面广以及对易感人群区别对待等特点。第二部分主要探讨时人的防治理念和防治措施。中世纪西欧社会对流行病的认识深受天谴论、占星学理论、毒气说和病原微生物说的影响,并由此形成相应的防治理念；医学界的防治措施包括遵从政府的命令,向民众发放卫生手册,同时对古代先进的医学经验进行整理和总结,摸索出医学防治九章,即医学界防疫的九种基本方法,其中包括忏悔法、驱魔法、排毒法、饮食法、淋浴法、抚摸法、香薰法、特效药和逃离法；公共政府为防治麻风病开始实施隔离措施,为防治鼠疫建立了检疫制度,同时为改善公共卫生,政府颁布了环境立法。第三部分论述流行病防治的影响和启示。诞生于早期基督教慈善理念的医院,在中世纪防治麻风病和其他流行病的过程中数量不断增加,医院设施、医疗手段和护理人员的素质都得到提高；中世纪时期建立的检疫制度,在此后数百年西欧各国抵御流行病蔓延方面,扮演着重要的角色,各国由此建立近代国际检疫制度,使这项中世纪的遗产在新时期继续发挥作用；近代公共卫生事业在中世纪流行病防治过程中逐渐兴起,公众健康意识的觉醒促进了以改善环境卫生和社会福利的公共健康事业的发展。结语部分,对论文的中心思想予以提炼。在流行病的持续肆虐面前,中世纪人们并未完全放弃抵抗,而是总结经验,通力合作,他们在灾难面前表现出的隐忍和希望,赋予中世纪独特的生命魅力。
[Abstract]:Ebola broke out in West Africa in 2014. As a rare epidemic, the outbreak has become the worst Ebola outbreak on record. The spread of the epidemic. To make us think about the relationship between human beings and diseases, and to study the epidemic and its prevention in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, we can not only peep into the course of understanding the diseases in the Middle Ages, so as to understand their living conditions more comprehensively. More can enlighten the present, for the understanding and prevention of new epidemics (including the new forms of old epidemics) to provide reference. The introduction summarizes the significance and purpose of the topic, and then focuses on the domestic and foreign academic research on this topic and related issues. Introduce the basic research methods and ideas, and finally briefly explain the innovation of this topic. The text includes the following three parts: the first part of the epidemic of Western Europe in the Middle Ages, the rise of urbanization. Poor public health, poor personal hygiene, low levels of medical care and frequent geographical exchanges have allowed epidemics to spread with sufficient hosts: there were many epidemics in Western Europe in the Middle Ages. However, plague, leprosy, smallpox and syphilis outbreaks are the most frequent and most harmful to humans at the time, and their transmission has a high mortality rate. The second part mainly discusses the concept of prevention and control of human beings and preventive measures. The understanding of epidemic diseases in Western Europe in the Middle Ages was deeply influenced by the theory of scourge and astrology. The influence of poison gas theory and pathogenic microorganism theory, and form the corresponding prevention and cure idea; Medical prevention and treatment measures include complying with government orders, issuing health manuals to the public, sorting out and summarizing advanced medical experiences in ancient times, and groping out nine chapters on medical prevention and treatment. There are nine basic methods of prevention in medicine, including repentance, exorcism, detoxification, diet, shower, touch, aromatherapy, special medicine and escape. The public government began to implement quarantine measures to combat leprosy, establish quarantine systems for the prevention and control of plague and improve public health. The government enacted environmental legislation. The third part discusses the impact and enlightenment of epidemic prevention. Born in the early Christian charitable hospital, the number of leprosy and other epidemics in the Middle Ages has been increasing. Hospital facilities, medical means and the quality of nursing staff have been improved; The quarantine system established during the Middle Ages played an important role in resisting the spread of epidemic diseases in the western European countries for several hundred years, from which countries established the modern international quarantine system. To continue this medieval legacy in the new era; Modern public health gradually rose in the process of epidemic prevention in the Middle Ages. The awakening of public health consciousness promoted the development of public health in order to improve environmental health and social welfare. In the face of the continuing epidemic, people in the Middle Ages did not give up their resistance completely, but summed up their experiences and cooperated with each other. They showed patience and hope in the face of disaster. Endowed with the unique charm of life in the Middle Ages.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：R-09;K56

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