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1938-1940年美国对欧洲危机的回应

发布时间:2018-02-09 05:57

  本文关键词: 美国 罗斯福 欧洲危机 回应 孤立主义 出处:《安徽大学》2010年硕士论文 论文类型:学位论文


【摘要】: 二十世纪三十年代的欧洲危机于第一次世界大战后萌芽,在1929-1933年的经济大萧条后逐渐恶化,并在1938-1940年期间迅速爆发。欧洲危机在1938-1940年期间的演变,以捷克斯洛伐克-慕尼黑危机为伊始,随着欧战的爆发而全面激化,进而在法国沦陷前后到达了高潮。三十年代深陷于孤立主义情绪的美国在应对1938-1940年欧洲危机的问题上,其态度和行动有一个从“隔岸观火”到全面介入的转变过程。 在1938年5月到9月的捷克斯洛伐克—慕尼黑危机中,由于国内的政治、经济形势,美国的态度始终摇摆不定、嗳昧不明。在慕尼黑会议召开前夕,美国甚至在一定程度上支持了英法的绥靖行径;1938年10月到1939年8月期间,欧洲危机在慕尼黑会议后持续恶化,战争濒临爆发。美国对自身的地缘安全进行了反思,逐渐停止了国内的“新政”改革,并一改之前无为观望的态度,积极采取了一系列的行动以阻止欧洲战争爆发。它一方面对极权主义国家进行了震慑、遏制,一方面尝试用各种手段增强西欧民主国家的军事力量,并尽力尝试促成反法西斯统一战线,然而这些努力并没有阻止欧战的爆发;当欧战在1939年9月爆发后,美国进一步尝试利用自己的力量去影响左右欧洲危机事态的发展。它一方面实质性地支援、配合了英法盟国的封锁战略,一方面理智地应对了苏联在东欧的扩张行动,其目的就在于尽可能地限制欧战的范围。在盟国的封锁战略失败、盟国前景岌岌可危的情况下,美国又进行了一系列意在挽救盟国、促进欧洲和平恢复的调停行动,然而这些努力并没有阻止欧战的进一步扩大;1940年4月到6月期间,美国一方面做了最后的努力希望制止欧洲战火的蔓延,一方面最后一次以“中立国”的身份对盟国展开了紧急的救助。在法国沦陷、英国被困在不列颠群岛的恶劣态势下,美国对自己的地缘安全进行了严肃的再思考,随后毅然放弃了“中立国”的角色,转而进入了全力支援盟国但不参战的“非交战国”角色,第二次世界大战的发展进程由此受到了深远的影响。 1938-1940年期间,美国逐渐改变了其孤立于欧洲事务之外的姿态,其中富兰克林·罗斯福总统发挥了重要的作用。作为伍德罗·威尔逊总统国际主义理想的衣钵继承人,罗斯福真心地希望美国能在世界事务中有所作为,但他同时作为一个和平主义者,也不愿意美国卷入欧洲的冲突,所以他在这段时期对结束欧洲争端、恢复欧洲稳定的可能性进行了不遗余力的寻求。然而,随着欧洲危机的日渐恶化、美国受到的威胁日益加深,罗斯福终于明白,以自由、民主文化传统为标榜的美国不可能与以独裁、侵略、军国主义为特征的极权主义国家和平共存。为了保证美国国家利益的安全,罗斯福一方面对美国乃至美洲的战略防御能力进行了强化,一方面冲破了国内孤立主义势力的重重阻挠,对美国地缘安全的第一道防线——西欧民主国家进行了一系列循序渐进的援助,带领美国完成了由“中立国”到“非交战国”的角色转变,这成为美国积极地、永久地介入世界事务并崛起成为世界头号超级大国的起点。
[Abstract]:In 1930s the European crisis originated in the first World War, a progressive deterioration in the economic depression of 1929-1933 years, and quickly broke out in 1938-1940 years. During the evolution of the crisis in Europe during the 1938-1940 years, the Czechoslovakia - Munich crisis at the beginning, with the outbreak of war in Europe and comprehensive intensified, then in the fall of France before and after arrived the climax. In 30s the United States trapped in isolationism in response to the 1938-1940 years of the European crisis, the attitudes and actions of a comprehensive intervention from the "watch" to the transformation process.
From May 1938 to September in Czechoslovakia - Munich crisis, due to domestic political and economic situation, the attitude of the United States is always wavering, ambiguous. In Munich on the eve of the meeting, the United States and even to a certain extent in support of the British and French appeasement; October 1938 to August 1939, the European crisis continued to deteriorate after the meeting in Munich on the brink of war, broke out. The United States thought of their own geopolitical security, and gradually stopped the "New Deal" reform, and a change of inaction and wait-and-see attitude, and actively take a series of actions to prevent the outbreak of war in Europe. It was a deterrent to a totalitarian state to curb, try to use one hand a variety of means to strengthen the democratic countries in Western military forces, and try to promote the anti fascist united front, but these efforts did not prevent the outbreak of war in Europe; When the European war broke out in September 1939, the United States attempted to use their power further to influence the developments of the European crisis. On the one hand it has substantial support, with the Allied blockade strategy, on the one hand to deal with the reason the Soviet Union's expansion in Eastern Europe, its purpose is to try to limit the war in Europe the scope of the failed allied blockade strategy, the Allies under the condition of the future in jeopardy, and carried out a series of to save the allies, to promote European mediation to restore the peace action, but these efforts did not stop further expansion in Europe; April 1940 to June, the United States has made a final effort to stop the war in Europe the spread of a last time to "neutral" identity of the allies launched an emergency rescue. In the fall of France, Britain was trapped in the bad situation of the evil of the British Isles The United States seriously rethought its geopolitical security, then resolutely abandoned the role of "neutral state" and entered into the role of "non belligerent country" which fully supported the Allies but did not participate in the war. The development process of the second world war has been profoundly affected.
During the 1938-1940 years, the United States has gradually changed its isolation from the European affairs stance, which President Roosevelt Franklin has played an important role. As president Woodrow Wilson's internationalist ideal heir to the throne, Roosevelt sincerely hope that the United States can make a difference in the world affairs, but he also as a pacifist, is not willing to U.S. involvement in the conflict in Europe, so he in this period to the end of the European conflict and possibility of recovering the European stability of spare no effort seeking. However, with the increasingly worsening crisis in Europe, the United States by the threat of deepening, Roosevelt finally understand, to freedom, the traditional culture of democracy as advertised by the United States can not with authoritarian aggression militarism, totalitarian state of peaceful coexistence. In order to ensure the safety of the national interests of the United States, the Roosevelt side face The United States and the American strategic defense ability was strengthened, on the one hand to break the obstacles of domestic isolationism of the United States, Geopolitical Security first line of Defense -- Western democracy conducted a series of step-by-step assistance to lead the United States completed by the "neutral" to "non belligerent", which became the U.S. actively involved in world affairs, permanent and emerging as a starting point the world's superpower.

【学位授予单位】:安徽大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2010
【分类号】:K712.5

【引证文献】

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1 李静;富兰克林·D·罗斯福的世界裁军思想[D];山东师范大学;2013年



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