工业文明的挑战与中东近代经济的转型（1809-1938）

发布时间：2018-02-21 15:18

本文关键词： 工业文明挑战与反应中东地区奥斯曼帝国 “西化”改革经济转型动力与条件　出处：《西北大学》2005年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中东和东方其它地区一样,在近代遇到了来自西欧的工业文明的挑战。由于中东特殊的地缘政治环境和历史文化因素,决定了中东近代社会经济发展的特殊路径。从19世纪初到20世纪30年代的130多年,是中东历史上一个关键的转折时期,现代中东社会许多问题的根源都可以追溯到这一时期。当时作为政治实体的奥斯曼帝国和波斯已经衰弱不堪,而西方工业文明的冲击力十分强劲,中东社会的各种矛盾和冲突异常激烈,以至于出现文化撞击、经济裂变和政治震荡。中东的政治精英们面对内忧外患和被动挨打的局面,锐意推行改革,旨在富国强兵,赶上欧洲。改革掀开了中东现代化的序幕,但宏大的改革目标和计划并未完全实现;西方列强的经济渗透和政治控制非但没有减弱反而增大,中东到20世纪初期仍未摆脱困境,而近代的这次撞击、裂变和震荡持续一百多年,余波延续到20世纪后期。从分析奥斯曼帝国和波斯19世纪以来的社会经济着眼,进而探讨工业文明冲击下中东社会经济的转型问题,是揭示中东现代化特殊道路的关键,是剖析中东社会落后原因的根本途径。本文研究的重点:一是考察中东民族国家的经济改革与现代化的起点,分析其现代化进程中某些经济问题的根源。二是研究中东地区的整体经济特征与中东内部的经济差异及不平衡性;既做宏观研究,又做具体分析。三是探讨19世纪中东经济在不同层面上的变化:“西化”改革前后中东经济的变化;沦为半殖民地前后中东经济的变化,尤其1809至1938年阿拉伯行省经济状况,这是国内目前无人涉猎的研究领域。四是对近代经济转型模式进行比较研究,在近代不同国家近代化的各类模式中,研究中东近代化道路的特殊性与复杂性。关于中东近代经济及其转型所涉及的一些基本问题,本文的主要观点可阐述如下:其一,近代中东社会经济的转型从19世纪初期经济领域的改革开始,改革是走向现代化的努力,传统经济模式被打开缺口,既有内力的作用,也有外力的作用。尽管“挑战——应战”模式有其缺陷,已经受到批评,但中东现代化的启动和社会经济的转型分明是遇到工业文明挑战之后的应变。没有工业文明的冲击,中东改革和现代化的起步会更晚,社会经济的转型可能会更慢。其二,19世纪改革者追求的是综合目标——国家富裕强大,并天真地认为,只要建立西式工业就会变成工业强国;认为一旦实现了经济增长,就会赶上甚至超过发达国家。急功近利的追求,认识上的偏差,过高的期望值,是落后国家的改革者的通病:从途径来说,试图在不触及制度的前提下通过引进“器物文明”实现强国的目的,结果可想而知。不过,改革者在具体部门推行的改革、采取的措施都有不同程度的效果或作用,仅经济领域而言,改革的作用和影响是不能低估的。其三,中东
[Abstract]:The Middle East, like other parts of the East, encountered the challenge of industrial civilization from Western Europe in modern times. Due to the special geopolitical environment and historical and cultural factors in the Middle East, It is a crucial turning point in the history of the Middle East for more than 130 years from the beginning of 19th century to 1930s. Many of the problems in modern Middle Eastern society can be traced back to this period, when the Ottoman Empire and Persia, as political entities, were weakened and the impact of Western industrial civilization was strong. All kinds of contradictions and conflicts in the Middle East society are so intense that there are cultural collisions, economic fission and political shocks. Facing the situation of internal and external troubles and passive beatings, the political elites of the Middle East are determined to carry out reforms aimed at enriching the country and strengthening the armed forces. To catch up with Europe. The reform opened the prelude to the modernization of the Middle East, but the grand reform goals and plans were not fully realized; the economic infiltration and political control of the Western powers not only increased, but increased, and the Middle East still remained in trouble by the beginning of 20th century. The recent impact, fission and shock, lasted for more than 100 years, and the afterwave lasted until late 20th century. From the analysis of the social and economic aspects of the Ottoman Empire and Persia since 19th century, Thus, it is the key to reveal the special way of modernization in the Middle East to probe into the problem of social and economic transformation in the Middle East under the impact of industrial civilization. It is also the fundamental way to analyze the causes of the backward society in the Middle East. The main points of this paper are as follows: first, the starting point of the economic reform and modernization of the nation-states in the Middle East. The second is to study the overall economic characteristics of the Middle East and the economic differences and imbalances within the Middle East. The third is to explore the economic changes in the Middle East on different levels in 19th century: before and after the reform of "Westernization"; and before and after becoming a semi-colony, the economic changes in the Middle East, especially in the Arab provinces from 1809 to 1938. The fourth is the comparative study of the modern economic transformation mode, and the particularity and complexity of the modernization of the Middle East in the various modes of modernization of different countries in modern times. With regard to some basic issues concerning the modern economy and its transformation in the Middle East, the main points of view of this paper can be described as follows: first, the transformation of social economy in the modern Middle East began with the economic reform in the beginning of 19th century. Reform is an effort to move towards modernization. The traditional economic model has been opened up with a gap between internal and external forces, although the "challenge-combat" model has its shortcomings and has been criticized. But the start of modernization in the Middle East and the transformation of social economy are clearly the changes after the challenge of industrial civilization. Without the impact of industrial civilization, the reform and modernization of the Middle East will start later. Social and economic transformation is likely to be slower. Second, 19th-century reformers pursued a comprehensive goal of being rich and powerful, and naively assumed that the establishment of Western-style industries would turn them into industrial powerhouses; that once economic growth was achieved, They will catch up with or even surpass the developed countries. The pursuit of quick success and instant gain, the deviation in cognition, and the high expectations are common diseases of reformers in backward countries: by the way, The result of attempting to achieve the goal of a powerful country without touching the system by introducing a "weapon civilization" is conceivable. However, the measures taken by the reformers in specific sectors have had varying degrees of effect or effect. In the economic sphere alone, the role and impact of reform cannot be underestimated. Third, the Middle East
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K37

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