施特莱斯曼“百日新政”研究

发布时间：2018-02-25 09:39

本文关键词： 古斯塔夫·施特莱斯曼魏玛总理　出处：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：1923年,新生的德意志魏玛共和国面临着生死存亡的考验。由赔偿问题引发的鲁尔危机,将德国拖入了一场全面的危机之中。恶性通货膨胀、纳粹党啤酒馆暴动、共产党人的革命起义,都在威胁着魏玛体制的生命。然而,经过总理古斯塔夫·施特莱斯曼的“百日新政”,魏玛体制奇迹般地幸存下来,并迎来了为时五年的经济快速发展时期。本文试图从施特莱斯曼的执政经历着手,以小见大,具体探讨魏玛共和国的政治环境,以此分析施特莱斯曼“百日新政”的成就、困境以及局限性,同时涉及魏玛共和国覆亡的原因。除绪论外,正文分为三章。第一章从三个方面分别探讨了施特莱斯曼执政的背景。通过回顾魏玛德国立国之初的困难,分析魏玛共和国政治体制的先天不足；1923年的综合危机使德国陷入了困境,施特莱斯曼前历任总理的应对措施及不力,此时急需有才干的领导人挺身而出；施特莱斯曼的成长经历为他的政治理念奠定了基调,其教育经历则使其明确了自由主义政治理想,大学社团活动及早期各种委员会经历锻炼了他的政治才能,积累了政治资本。在1923年德国全面危机中,施特莱斯曼积极活动,给国内外留下了深刻印象,为其上台做足了舆论准备。第二章关注的是施特莱斯曼的“百日新政”。首先分析的是施特莱斯曼组建内阁的过程及困难；紧接着讲述的是其执政经历的首要大事——结束“鲁尔危机”,“鲁尔危机”的终结为施特莱斯曼带领德国走出困境奠定基础；而后,探讨了施特莱斯曼政府在争论中通过《授权法》,其内阁也经历了第一次危机,从而解体；施特莱斯曼政府在《授权法》的基础上进行了货币改革,此后,德国经济形势开始好转；在面临“左派”和“右派”的反叛时,施特莱斯曼极力打击“左派”,而对“右派”则是尽量安抚,最终萨克森与图林根的政府解体,这引起了社会民主党的极大不满；施特莱斯曼在为国内外状况焦头烂额时,也被人民党内部的反叛所扰,此间,希特勒暴动,最终他成功地平息了本党内部的叛乱,希特勒暴动也流产了；施特莱斯曼任期内,他将一战战犯威廉皇太子迎接回德国,兑现了他对威廉皇太子的承诺,但此事引起诸多史学家的争议。第三章论述的是施特莱斯曼内阁的倒台过程、影响及评价。文中简要评述了施特莱斯曼“百日新政”期间在政治、外交及经济上的成就,指明这段执政经历对施特莱斯曼本人、德国以及世界的影响。最终,分析魏玛共和国覆灭的原因。
[Abstract]:In 1923, the nascent German Weimar Republic faced a life-or-death test. The Ruhr crisis, triggered by the question of compensation, dragged Germany into a full-blown crisis. Hyperinflation, the Nazi Brewery riots. The revolutionary uprisings of the Communists threatened the life of the Weimar system. However, the Weimar system miraculously survived the 100-day New deal by Prime Minister Gustave Streisman. And it ushered in a period of five years of rapid economic development. This paper tries to analyze the achievement of Stresman's "New deal of one hundred days" by analyzing the political environment of Weimar Republic through a small part of his ruling experience. The predicament and limitation, at the same time, involve the reason of the fall of Weimar Republic. Besides the introduction, the text is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the background of Straisman's administration from three aspects. The comprehensive crisis in 1923 caused Germany to fall into a dilemma, and the previous prime ministers of Straisman did not respond well enough, and at this time they needed talented leaders to come forward. Stresman's growing up experience set the tone for his political ideas, and his educational experience made him clear about his liberal political ideals, and his political talent was cultivated by his university community activities and his early experiences of various committees. In 1923, during the overall crisis in Germany, Stresman made a deep impression on his activities and made a good preparation for his coming to power. The second chapter focuses on Stresman's "New deal of one hundred days". Then came the first major event in his administration-the end of the Ruhr crisis, the end of which laid the foundation for Straismann to lead Germany out of its predicament; and then, After discussing the adoption of the Authorization Act by the Stresman administration in the debate, and the collapse of his cabinet after the first crisis, the Strassman government carried out monetary reforms based on the Authorization Act, and thereafter, The German economy began to turn for the better; in the face of a rebellion between the "left" and the "right", Stellesman fought hard against the "left" and tried to appease the "right", eventually disintegrating Saxony and Thuringen's government. This aroused great dissatisfaction from the Social Democratic Party; while Strelsmann was worried about the situation at home and abroad, he was also disturbed by the rebellion within the people's Party. During the Hitler uprising here, he succeeded in quelling the rebellion within his own party. Hitler's uprising was also aborted; during his tenure, he welcomed Prince William, a World War I war criminal, back to Germany, fulfilling his promise to Prince William, but it caused controversy among historians. The third chapter deals with the process, influence and evaluation of the fall of Stellesman's cabinet. It briefly reviews the achievements in politics, diplomacy and economy during the "100-day New deal". The influence of this experience on Stresman himself, Germany and the world is pointed out. Finally, the reasons for the fall of Weimar Republic are analyzed.
【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K516.43

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