杜鲁门政府时期美国对希腊的政策

发布时间：2018-02-26 10:15

本文关键词： 冷战杜鲁门政府希腊英国苏联　出处：《陕西师范大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 二战后美苏由于意识形态、社会制度的尖锐对立和国家利益的矛盾,同盟关系破裂,双方逐渐走上了冷战的争夺之路。巴尔干半岛由于其突出的战略地位,成为冷战的始发地。英国由于实力不逮自动从希腊“退出”,美国为了对其承担相应的义务,使这个西方文明起源的近东国家,再次回到人们的视野当中,成为冷战角逐的第一战场。本文试图以希腊内战和美国对苏联共产主义“扩张”的遏制战略为切入点,大量运用国家安全委员会、中央情报局等原始档案材料,详细论述杜鲁门政府时期美国对希腊在政治、经济、军事方面的政策,以期探究其特点、实质、后果、影响,并管窥这一时期的冷战状态,深化冷战史的研究。文章分为四个部分: 第一部分“涉足希腊”,侧重介绍希腊前两次内战,以及英国在二战结束前后对希腊的援助和干涉。这一时期,美国只是通过援助初步介入希腊,苏联也重在保护自己在东欧的势力范围。与这两个国家不同,英国这一时期在希腊历史上扮演着举足轻重的角色,不仅向其提供援助,还牢牢控制着希腊内政,影响内战的发展。第二部分“拯救希腊”是本文的重点。英国在1947年退出时,已经挑选美国作为其“继承人”,继续承担对希腊的各项义务。杜鲁门政府利用这次绝好的机会,推出“杜鲁门主义”,将东西方的对抗公开,标志着冷战的全面展开。美国政府的目标是帮助希腊经济重建、避免其落入苏联共产党之手,于是借助美国经济使团和军事使团在希腊的活动,通过经济援助和军事援助,不断地、更深层次地卷入希腊内政的各个方面,加强对其的控制和干涉。这一部分重在利用美国国家安全委员会、中央情报局和美国对外关系文件等原始档案资料,全面揭示美国对希腊政治、经济、军事方面的干涉和控制。第三部分“复兴希腊”。在美国的鼎力支持下,希腊政府军最终取得胜利,为希腊经济重建创造了良好的条件。然而,鉴于东西方的争夺日趋激烈,杜鲁门政府调整之前削减对希腊援助的政策,继续强化希腊在其全球战略中的重要地位,力促希腊加入北约。第四部分是结束语,总结了美国对希腊政策的特点:美国对希腊的政策经历了由经济援助向军事援助转变这个过程;同时,美国着手在全球积极构建遏制共产主义威胁的防线。从遏制共产主义对希腊的威胁、以及将其纳入西方阵营整个过程来看,美国还是成功实现了自己的目标,而且以援助之名进行干涉之实的外交模式,为美国后来的冷战政策提供了一个成功的范例。
[Abstract]:After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union broke down because of the sharp opposition between ideology, social system and national interests, and the two sides gradually embarked on the path of the Cold War. The Balkans, due to their prominent strategic position, It became the origin of the Cold War. Because of Britain's inability to automatically "withdraw" from Greece, the United States, in order to assume corresponding obligations towards it, brought this near Eastern country, which originated from Western civilization, back to the eyes of the people again. As the first battlefield in the Cold War contest, this paper attempts to use the original archives such as the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency as the starting point of the Greek Civil War and the American containment strategy of the Soviet communist "expansion". This paper discusses in detail the political, economic and military policies of the United States towards Greece during the Truman Administration, in order to explore its characteristics, substance, consequences and influences, and to probe into the cold war state of this period and deepen the research on the history of the cold war. The article is divided into four parts:. The first part, "get into Greece," focuses on Greece's first two civil wars and Britain's aid and intervention in Greece around the end of World War II. During this period, the United States only initially intervened in Greece through aid. The Soviet Union also focused on protecting its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe. Unlike these two countries, Britain played a pivotal role in the history of Greece, not only by providing it with aid, but also by firmly controlling the internal affairs of Greece. Influence the development of the civil war. The second part, "Save Greece," is the focus of this article. When Britain withdrew in 1947, it had chosen the United States as its "successor" to continue its obligations to Greece. The Truman government took advantage of this excellent opportunity. The launch of Truman Doctrine, which made the confrontation between East and West public, marked the full start of the cold war. The goal of the United States government was to help Greece rebuild its economy and avoid falling into the hands of the Soviet Communist Party. Thus, with the help of the activities of the US economic and military missions in Greece, through economic and military assistance, they are constantly and deeply involved in all aspects of Greece's internal affairs. This part focuses on the use of the original archives such as the National Security Council, the Central Intelligence Agency and the United States foreign relations documents to comprehensively reveal American interference and control over Greek politics, economy, and military affairs. Part three, "Revival of Greece". With the great support of the United States, the Greek government forces finally won, creating favorable conditions for the economic reconstruction of Greece. However, in view of the increasingly fierce competition between the East and the West, The Truman government adjusted its previous policy of cutting aid to Greece, continued to strengthen Greece's role in its global strategy and urged Greece to join NATO. The 4th part is the concluding remarks, which summarizes the characteristics of American policy towards Greece: the policy of the United States towards Greece has undergone a process of transition from economic aid to military aid; at the same time, The United States has embarked on a global campaign to build a defense line against the threat of communism. From the point of view of containing the threat of communism to Greece and the whole process of including it in the Western camp, the United States has succeeded in achieving its goals. Moreover, the diplomatic model of intervention in the name of aid provided a successful example for the later Cold War policy of the United States.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K712.54

【引证文献】