试析西欧中世纪的修道院经济

发布时间：2018-02-28 20:01

本文关键词： 中世纪西欧修道院　出处：《天津师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：修道院作为中世纪社会中的一个基督教组织机构,有着自身的制度,起着不容忽视的社会作用。中世纪的修道院不只是一个宗教组织,由于君王和社会上层的赐予和捐赠,普通民众的布施和奉献以及修道院本身的经营等等,修道院逐渐成为主要的经济组织,从而产生了修道院经济,在恢复和发展经济中产生了重要的社会经济作用。中世纪特有的庄园经济体系和社会的基督教化进程,是修道院经济产生的重要基础。日耳曼人入侵后,罗马帝国原有的社会经济体系遭到破坏,交易和商品流通已经降到最低限度,每个人都以生产者的身份消费着自己生产的产品,自然经济日益巩固,形成了以庄园制为主体的经济结构。远程贸易虽未停滞,但已经变得无足轻重,主要贩卖一些庄园经济内部难以生产的奢侈品,供教会、修道院和王公贵族享用。在西欧经济倒退回原始农业状态的前提下,修道院在本尼迪克特院规的指导下,提倡劳动,通过信徒和封建领主捐赠的大量土地组织和恢复生产,吸纳“世俗兄弟”,领导了大拓荒运动,恢复和发展手工业,积累了大量的剩余产品。大量的剩余产品冲破了庄园经济的桎梏,人们在进行诸如朝圣一类的活动时,常常将朝圣活动和经商合二为一,于是促使修道院附近的广场和院落产生了市场,市场的建立在一定程度上打破了西欧不同地区相对的封闭,社会交往和联系进一步增强。尽管传统的道德观念认为,商业是下贱的行业、商人最没有社会地位。但实际上,修道院对商业的发展起到了积极的促进作用。修道院以宗教为旗号享有陆路和水路的通行税豁免权,可以贩运不同地区的农业和手工业产品,大大丰富了市场上的物品。但享有特许权的修道院和不享有特许权的世俗商人的竞争是不公平的竞争,曾在农业上起到先锋作用的修道院却阻碍了世俗经济的成长,成为社会发展的绊脚石，，不再有早期的社会影响力。修道院经济是中世纪社会一个非常重要的社会现象,它并不是孤立的宗教行为,而是和同时期的社会经济发展密切联系着,因此,考察修道院在西欧社会中的作用,尤其是修道院在经济方面的作用,如修道院和大拓荒运动的关联、朝圣经济对中世纪集市的影响等等,不仅有助于我们加深对修道院这一宗教组织的理解,而且有助于我们了解中世纪西欧的社会和时代特征。
[Abstract]:As a Christian organization in medieval society, monasteries had their own system and played a social role that could not be ignored. Medieval monasteries were not just a religious organization, but because of the gifts and donations of kings and the upper echelons of society, With the contribution of ordinary people and the operation of the monastery itself, monastery gradually became the main economic organization, which produced the monastery economy and played an important social and economic role in the recovery and development of the economy. The unique economic system of manor and the Christian process of society in the Middle Ages were the important basis for the emergence of monastery economy. After the Germanic invasion, the original social and economic system of the Roman Empire was destroyed. Trade and commodity circulation have been reduced to a minimum, everyone is consuming their own products as producers, and the natural economy is increasingly consolidated, forming an economic structure dominated by manor system. But it has become irrelevant, mainly selling luxury goods that are difficult to produce within the manor economy for use by churches, monasteries, and princes. Guided by Benedict House rules, the monastery advocated labor, organized and resumed production through a large amount of land donated by believers and feudal lords, and absorbed "secular brothers," leading the great pioneer movement and restoring and developing the handicraft industry. Accumulated a large amount of surplus products. A large number of surplus products broke through the shackles of the manor economy. When people engaged in activities such as pilgrimage, they often combined pilgrimage with business. This led to the creation of a market in the square and courtyard near the monastery, which, to some extent, broke the relative isolation of different parts of Western Europe and further strengthened social contacts and ties. Business is a lowly business, and merchants have the least social status. But in fact, monasteries have a positive impact on the development of business. Monasteries enjoy tax exemptions for land and waterways under the banner of religion. The fact that agricultural and handicraft products in different regions can be trafficked greatly enriches the market, but competition between convent concessions and secular businessmen who do not enjoy concessions is unfair. Monasteries, once vanguard in agriculture, hindered the growth of secular economy and became a stumbling block to social development, no longer having early social influence. Monastery economy is a very important social phenomenon in medieval society. It is not an isolated religious act, but is closely related to the social and economic development of the same period. In particular, the role of monasteries in the economy, such as the connection between monasteries and the pioneer movement, the influence of the pilgrimage economy on medieval bazaars, and so on, not only helped us to deepen our understanding of the monastery as a religious organization, It also helps us to understand the social and contemporary characteristics of medieval Western Europe.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K5

【参考文献】