苏美对捷克斯洛伐克政策研究（1942-1948）

发布时间：2018-03-02 10:30

本文关键词： 苏联美国捷克斯洛伐克政策　出处：《陕西师范大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：20世纪40年代,捷克斯洛伐克历史进程的一个重要特征是一步步向苏联靠拢,并最终建立了“准斯大林体制”,彻底的疏远了美国,这一历史进程与苏美两国对外战略的转变、苏美对东欧政策的转变是一致的。二战后,苏美在东欧的政治军事存在,决定着其在捷克斯洛伐克事务中的发言权。伴随着战后国际形势的变化,苏美两国逐渐由合作走向了对抗,苏美两国加紧了对东欧各国的渗透和控制,特别是对军工产业比较发达的捷克斯洛伐克。本文以国内外对捷克斯洛伐克研究为基础,结合搜集到的有关资料,试图对1942—1948年捷克斯洛伐克历史进程中的美苏因素进行一番阐释。论文共分为四个部分。第一部分论述了1942-1945年间,苏美对捷克斯洛伐克政治进程影响。捷克斯洛伐克被德国占领后,在国外存在着两股政治力量,一个是捷共,一个是贝奈斯流亡政府。由于意识形态和国际环境原因,捷共借助苏联的力量迅速的成长壮大,而贝奈斯流亡政府也在英美的支持下成为了一支重要的政治力量。苏美影响下的捷共和非共,在苏美合作的大环境下共同决定着捷克斯洛伐克的政治进程。第二部分主要论述战后撤军问题和在马歇尔计划中苏美的政策。战后苏美两国出于自身利益考虑,决定同时撤出在捷克斯洛伐克的军队。之后,美国出于复兴和控制欧洲的目的,抛出了欧洲经济复兴的马歇尔计划。虽然苏联和东欧国家都十分愿意加入计划,但最终由于斯大林认为马歇尔计划,存在危害苏联国家利益的目的而决定放弃参加计划,并且要求与其关系密切的东欧、南欧国家也拒绝参加。苏美间的对抗开始在对捷克斯洛伐克政策中体现。第三部分主要论述了“二月事件”时期苏美对捷克斯洛伐克政策。在苏美走向冷战的大环境下,捷克斯洛伐克国内的两大政治派别也进行了争权斗争。最终,捷共在斯大林的坚决支持下,通过“二月事件”成功的将贝奈斯非共产党集团排挤出了捷克斯洛伐克政治舞台。第四部分主要论述了捷克斯洛伐克“二月事件”后苏美对其政策。二月事件后,捷共成为了捷克斯洛伐克的执政党,捷共在外交上主要依靠的是苏联,捷苏关系走向密切。美国此时改变了以往的对捷政策开始利用“非军事手段”对捷进行制裁,希望迫使捷克斯洛伐克就范,结果导致了捷克斯洛伐克彻底倒向了苏联。
[Abstract]:In 1940s, an important feature of Czechoslovakia's historical process was that it drew closer to the Soviet Union step by step, and finally established the "quasi-Stalin system", which completely alienated the United States. The Soviet Union and the United States' change of policy towards Eastern Europe is consistent. After World War II, the Soviet and American political and military presence in Eastern Europe determined its say in Czechoslovakia affairs. With the changes in the postwar international situation, The Soviet Union and the United States gradually moved from cooperation to confrontation, and the Soviet Union and the United States stepped up their infiltration and control over the countries of Eastern Europe, especially Czechoslovakia, where the military industry is relatively developed. Based on the study of Czechoslovakia at home and abroad and the relevant data collected, this paper attempts to explain the American and Soviet factors in the historical process of Czechoslovakia from 1942-1948. The paper is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the influence of the Soviet Union and the United States on the political process of Czechoslovakia from 1942-1945. After Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany, there were two political forces abroad, one of which was the Czech Communist Party. One is the exiled government of Benes. Because of ideology and the international environment, the Czech Republic has grown rapidly with the help of the Soviet Union. Under the influence of the Soviet Union and the United States, the Czech Republic, the African Republic and the Communist Party jointly decided the political process of Czechoslovakia under the environment of the cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States. The second part mainly discusses the issue of withdrawal after the war and the policy of the Soviet Union and the United States in the Marshall Plan. After the war, the Soviet Union and the United States decided to withdraw their troops in Czechoslovakia at the same time for their own interests. For the purpose of reviving and controlling Europe, the United States threw out the Marshall Plan for the economic revival of Europe. Although both the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries were willing to join the plan, eventually Stalin thought that the Marshall Plan, The Soviet-American confrontation began to be reflected in the Czechoslovakia policy, as did Eastern Europe, which has close ties to the Soviet Union, and southern Europe, for the purpose of jeopardizing the Soviet Union's national interests. The third part mainly discusses the Soviet-American policy toward Czechoslovakia during the "February incident". Under the environment of the Soviet Union and the United States moving towards the Cold War, the two major political factions in Czechoslovakia also fought for power. With Stalin's firm support, the CPZ successfully excluded the non-Communist Party of Benes from the Czechoslovak political arena through the events of February. The 4th part mainly discusses the Soviet and American policies towards Czechoslovakia after the "February incident". After the February incident, the CPC became the ruling party of Czechoslovakia, and the CPZ mainly relied on the Soviet Union in its diplomacy. Czechoslovakia became closer. The United States changed its previous policy towards Czech Republic and began to use "non-military means" to impose sanctions on Czechoslovakia in the hope of forcing Czechoslovakia to submit to the Soviet Union, which led to Czechoslovakia's total reversal to the Soviet Union.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D815;K514.5

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