苏联干部制度的形成、发展与影响

发布时间：2018-03-02 15:40

本文选题：干部　切入点：干部制度　出处：《华东师范大学》2006年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：苏联干部制度是苏联政治制度的核心，是一党执政体制下权力高度集中的组织保障。干部制度的产生、发展和变化是苏联重要的政治进程之一，也是正确认识和理解苏联兴亡历史的关键之一。本文以苏联干部制度的历史发展为线索，研究苏联干部制度确立、发展的基础及其运作机制，探究苏联干部制度在高度集中的权力机制中的作用，进而分析苏联干部制度产生的社会影响。苏联干部制度是在高度集中制的制度基础上产生的，布尔什维克党建党的组织结构和组织形式奠定了苏联干部制度的雏形。布尔什维克党执掌政权以后不久，确立了一党执政的执政模式，党内权力高度集中，党外的权力也向党内转移，党掌握了国家和社会的所有权力，高度集权的政治、经济、社会体制开始形成。在布尔什维克党执政初期，干部任命制原则就开始取代民主选举制原则，权力高度集中的干部任命机关建立起来，高度集中的干部任命方式逐渐定型。作为政治制度的核心部分，干部制度成为党获取和控制权力的重要组织手段。国内战争结束后，随着一党执政地位的确立，干部的全面任命制事实上完全取代了形式上的民主选举制，在最初的干部动员、登记、分配工作的基础上，干部任命工作更趋于系统化和规范化。斯大林成为党的总书记以后，对中央书记处进行改组，扩大中央机关的编制和权力，控制党的组织权力和干部任命权力，进而控制了党的机关，并将他关于党的组织工作和干部工作的理念具体化，，逐步建立了党和国家高度集中的干部任命制度——官职等级名录制。官职等级名录是包括苏联党、国家和社会团体中最重要职务及任职干部的名录清单，党的各级机关编制官职等级名录，对担任重要职位的干部进行预先审查、选拔推荐、批准任命。官职等级名录制的实质在于，党的领导机关自上而下控制着国家所有领域干部的任命。作为一种掌握干部、控制机关、把握权力的机制，官职等级名录制构成苏联干部制度的核心。斯大林通过党内斗争和政治清洗的方式，清除了反对派，获取了凌驾于党和国家之上的至高权力，在此过程中，以官职等级名录制为核心的苏联干部制度最终成为斯大林攫取权力的重要政治工具。在后斯大林时期，赫鲁晓夫对苏联干部制度进行改革，实行干部轮换制和任期制，但高度集权的国家体制没有改变，干部工作中的官职等级名录制始终主导着苏联的干部制度，赫鲁晓夫的改革无果而终，随之苏联干部制度在勃列日涅夫时期陷于保守、僵化的状态。在缺乏对干部工作实施有效监督的情况下，干部制度的弊端全面显现出来，领导干部职务终身制、干部队伍老化、干部特权扩大等最终导致在苏联出现一个保守封闭的官僚特权阶层。官僚特权阶层利用戈尔巴乔夫改革时期的混乱局面，侵占国家财产，建立了权力与特权转移体系，从内部瓦
[Abstract]:The cadre system is the core of the political system of the Soviet Union, one party system is highly centralized power of the organization. The cadre system, development and change is one of the important political process of the Soviet Union, one of the key is the correct understanding of the history of Soviet Union. In this paper, based on the historical development of the cadre system as a clue, the establishment of Soviet the cadre system, basis and operation mechanism of development, explore the cadre system in the highly centralized power mechanism in the role, and then analyzes the social impact of the Soviet cadre system.
The cadre system is generated in the system based on the highly centralized, the Bolshevik party organization structure and organization established the rudiment of the Soviet cadre system. After the Bolshevik Party came into power, the establishment of the ruling mode of one party, party power is highly concentrated, furthermore the power transfer to the party, the party has all the power of the state and society, highly centralized political, economic and social system began to form. In the early years of the Bolshevik party, the cadre appointment system principle began to replace the democratic election system principle, the highly centralized power to appoint cadres organs set up a highly centralized cadre appointment gradually stereotypes. As a core part of political system, cadre system a party to acquire and control the power of the important means.
After the civil war, with the establishment of party ruling status, cadres of the full appointment system in fact completely replaced by the form of the democratic election system, mobilization, registration in the initial allocation is based on the work of cadres, cadres appointment work more systematic and standardized. After Stalin became the general secretary of the party, restructuring the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee, the central authority and power to expand the control of the party's organizational power and power so as to control the appointment of cadres, Party organs, and he will be on the party organization and cadres of the concept of concrete, the party and the country gradually established a highly centralized cadre appointment system: nomenklature. Nomenklature was the Soviet party, the most important position in national and social groups and cadres serving the party organs at all levels of the directory list, compiled the nomenklature, to hold important positions in the dry Department of pre review, selection and recommendation, approved the appointment of nomenklature. The essence is that the leading organs of the party state in all areas of top-down control of cadres appointment. As a master of cadres, control organs, grasp the power mechanism, the nomenklature system constitute the core of the cadre system. Through party struggle and Stalin the political cleaning way, clear the opposition, get over the party and the country's supreme power, in this process, with nomenklature as the core of the cadre system eventually became an important political tool of Stalin power grab.
In the post Stalin period, Khrushchev on the reform of the cadre system, the implementation of cadres appointment and tenure system, but the highly centralized state system has not changed, in the work of cadres nomenklature always dominate the Soviet cadre system reform, Khrushchev fruitless, along with the cadre system in the period of Brezhnev was conservative. Rigid state. In the absence of effective supervision of cadres work, shortcomings of the cadre system fully manifested, life-long tenure of leading cadres, cadres and cadres privilege to expand aging, eventually lead to a conservative and closed Privileged Bureaucratic stratum in the Soviet Union. By Gorbachev during the reform of bureaucratic privilege confusion, embezzlement the property of the state, set up power and privilege transfer system, from the interior tile

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2006
【分类号】：K512.5

【引证文献】