1918年大流感对美国的影响初探

发布时间：2018-03-04 01:34

本文选题：1918年大流感　切入点：美国　出处：《华东师范大学》2011年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：对于美国人民来说,1918年9月到1919年3月是一段充满灾难和不幸的时期。在这期间,美国人民经历了历史上最严重的流行病。短短几个月里,70多万美国人死于流感或者是流感性肺炎(influenzal pneumonia).奇怪地是,美国历史几乎完全忽视了这一重要事件。医学历史学家认为这一事件富有重要的医学意义而进行研究,但是社会历史学家和政治史学家却将该事件束之高阁。因此,本文最初的目的就是还原这一历史事件,追寻1918年大流感爆发时美国的社会背景,研究大流感期间的美国民众是如何应对流感的,美国的医学界、政治界以及各种社会团体是如何应对大流感的,从而发现大流感对于美国乃至世界的重要影响,尤其是对于如今公共卫生医学方面所起到的借鉴作用。这样本文的结构就非常简单明了。论文正文部分有四个章节。第一章主要是叙述1918年大流感在美国的传染情况。大流感爆发于第一次世界大战期间,战争加速了疾病的传播,结果大流感几乎侵袭了地球上的每一个角落。在这短短的几个月,大流感总共爆发了3次,其中第二波流感造成的死亡最多,1918年10月可以说是美国历史上最悲惨的一个月；美国少数地区在第三波流感中疫情也很严重。第二章主要通过一些生还者的回忆,重现1918年大流感对于美国普通民众的影响,以及在大流感面前美国普通民众是如何应对的。美国人民的应对基本上可以分为三类,第一类是一开始的时候仅仅出于恐惧而被动地应对流感,第二类是人们虽然还是很害怕,但也渴望找寻各种方式来保护自己,第三类是人民勇敢地面对大流感,采取一切可能的办法来预防甚至治疗疾病。第三章重点研究美国各界,尤其是美国医学界如何应对大流感。医疗人员采取了很多方式来预防流感,如使用面罩、检疫隔离、清洁卫生等等,他们试图找到可以根治的方法。虽然失败了,但是他们的付出却不可磨灭。美国各级公共卫生部门在大流感的洗礼下成长起来,各级部门在其职责范围内采取一切方式预防流感的进一步传播。第四章主要从政治、经济和社会文化角度来研究大流感对美国社会的影响。大流感影响最大的就是引起了公共卫生机构的改革,其他政治机构、社会机构以及经济机构,也受到些许动摇。大流感期间,数不清的企业亏损,生产力下降,但也有企业甚至出现过短期的盈利,总的来说在经济上没有产生什么长期影响。大流感也改变了人们的某些社会习惯,如人们不会在公共场合咳嗽、打喷嚏或是吐痰。文化史学家则认为“迷失的一代”与大流感有着密切的关系。文章最后进行了简单的总结,论述1918年大流感对于当今社会,尤其是公共卫生方面的启示。现今要重视信息的交流,重视在疫苗方面的投资。当流行病来临的时候,身居要职的权威人士必须降低可能离间这个社会的恐慌,惟有破除恐惧,人类才能战争流行病这个宿敌。
[Abstract]:For the American people, from September 1918 to March 1919 is a period full of disaster and misfortune period. During this period, the American people have been through the history of the most serious epidemic. Just a few months, about 700000 Americans died of influenza or influenza pneumonia (influenzal pneumonia). Strangely, the history of the United States almost completely ignored this an important event. Medical historians think that this event is important for medical and research, but the social historian and political historians have the event on the shelf. Therefore, the original purpose is to restore the historical event, seeking for the social background of the 1918 influenza pandemic influenza, during the study period of the American people is how to deal with the flu, American medical circles, political circles and all kinds of social groups is how to deal with the flu pandemic, which found that for the United States The important influence of the country and the world, especially for the present public health medicine.
The structure of this article is very simple and clear. There are four chapters in the text part of the paper.
The first chapter mainly narrates the 1918 pandemic in the United States. The infectious influenza outbreak in the first World War, the war accelerated the spread of the disease, the pandemic struck nearly every corner of the earth. In these few months, a total of 3 influenza outbreak, the second wave of swine flu most deaths, October 1918 can be said to be a month of the most tragic history of the United States; a few areas of the United States in the third wave of swine flu epidemic is very serious.
The second chapter mainly through some of the survivors memories, to reproduce the 1918 flu influence on American citizens, and in front of the flu is how to deal with the ordinary people of the United States. The American people should basically can be divided into three categories, the first category is the beginning only out of fear and passive response to influenza, is second although people still very afraid, but also eager to find ways to protect themselves, third people face a pandemic, take all possible measures to prevent and cure diseases.
The third chapter focuses on the United States from all walks of life, especially how to deal with the flu. The American medical community medical staff have adopted many ways to prevent the flu, such as the use of masks, quarantine, sanitation and so on, they are trying to find a cure. Although the method can fail, but their pay is indelible. The United States at all levels of the public health sector growth in pandemic baptism, the further spread of departments at all levels to take all the way to prevent the flu within the responsibility.
The fourth chapter mainly from the political, economic and social and cultural point of view to study the pandemic's influence on American society. Influenza is the greatest impact caused by the reform of public health institutions and other political institutions, social institutions and economic organizations, has also been a little shaken. During a pandemic, countless business losses, reduced productivity, but there are also companies even appeared short-term profits, in general in the economy did not produce what the long-term effects of a pandemic. Also changed some social habits of people, if people do not cough or sneeze in public, spitting. Cultural historians argue that a "lost generation" and the flu are closely the relationship between.
At the end of this paper makes a brief summary on the 1918 pandemic in today's society, especially public health implications. The attention should be paid to the exchange of information, pay attention to investment in vaccines. When the epidemic comes, people in positions of authority must be reduced to alienate the social panic, but get rid of fear, human in order to battle the epidemic the enemy.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K712.52;R-09

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