苏联“持不同政见者运动”研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 19:20

本文选题：苏联　切入点：持不同政见者　出处：《华东师范大学》2004年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：伴随勃列日涅夫执政始终，直到戈尔巴乔夫改革前夕才告结束的苏联持不同政见者运动，它的出现和久拖不决，以及政府如何对待来自社会的不同呼声抑或是反对者的声音，尤其是代表社会先进阶层的知识分子的不同声音，这是摆在每一个执政党面前的重大课题。苏联党和政府在处理持不同政见者运动的政策和措施上存在着严重的问题，为苏联解体和苏共丧失执政党地位埋下了祸根，它留给世人太多的思考和回忆，值得我们深刻汲取它的教训。 “苏联持不同政见者运动研究”这个问题政治敏感性很强，加之，许多持不同政见者的著作和文章是私下出版的，发行范围有限，这无形中给资料收集增加了许多困难。因此，国内至今还未有人系统地研究这一问题，即使在俄罗斯这一课题的研究也只是苏联解体以后的事情。本文围绕苏联持不同政见者运动与政府反对持不同政见者运动的主要线索，通过绪论、正文、结语三个部分构建成一个有机整体。在绪论中简要阐释了研究持不同政见者运动的重要意义，提出了问题，考证了持不同政见者定义，介绍国内外研究状况，分析了持不同政见者运动与苏联解体的关系，为全文的展开构筑了理论体系。正文分为四章。第一章分析了苏联持不同政见者运动产生的历史根源和国际背景，提出了持不同政见者运动在苏联国内的产生既有内部的原因，亦有外部的作用，但社会基础和政治体制弊病等内部原因是第一位的观点。苏联持不同政见者运动是一种相当复杂的社会政治现象，持不同政见者不是阶级敌人，也不是苏联社会的异己分子，而是这个衰败体系的产物。第二章苏联持不同政见者运动缘起及经过是全文的重点章节之一，，本章首先介绍了1965年12月5日在莫斯科普希金广场爆发了苏联历史上第一次以“遵守宪法”为口号的游行示威活动，从此，持不同政见者运动由地下浮出水面，成为勃列日涅夫执政时期一个影响巨大的政治问题。其次，解读了苏联持不同政见者运动阶段的划分与每个阶段的特征。第三，通过大量的第一手材料详细介绍了缘起于20世纪60年代中叶，结束于80年代中期的以罗伊·麦德维杰夫为代表的民主社会主义派，萨哈罗夫为代表的西方派和索尔仁尼琴为首的新斯拉夫派等苏联持不同政见者运动主要派别的政治主张，以及他们主张的异同点。最后，分析了苏联持不同政见者运动的核心内容——维护权利运动。第三章介绍和分析了苏联持不同政见者传播自己思想与主张，交流和分享信息的主要工具——私下出版物。第四章利用大量的档案材料阐释了苏联党和政府对待持不同政见者的政策和措施，以及镇压持不同政见者运动的政策造成的严重后果。通过上述分析和研究，在结语部分提出绝大部分苏联持不同政见者运动的参加者并不是像政府所说的那样是社会主义制度的抹黑者，帝国主义“思想颠覆” 苏联社会主义制度走狗的看法。实际上他们是一些不满足现状和具有创新思想、关心国家前途和命运、敢于直面权势并发出内心呼声的人。他们的“不同政见” 主要是对党和国家体制、方针、内外政策方面存在的弊病，以及僵化教条的意识形态提出强烈批评，要求公正处理斯大林时代遗留下来的民族和宗教问题，克服斯大林个人迷信给苏联社会造成的伤痛，回归真正的马克思列宁主义道路，把苏联建设成为一个民主、自由、法制的多元社会。许多持不同政见者并不否定马克思主义和社会主义道路，只是反对恢复斯大林式的专制统治，反对一党专制，希望通过改革充分发挥社会主义制度的优越性，使政治民主、言论自由、以人为本等宪法条文真正落实在实际生活之中。他们的许多主张只不过是对人类固有的理想—民主、自由、权利的向往，符合和平、民主、发展的世界潮流。勃列日涅夫时期的党和政府却不是从政治体制和自身工作中寻找它产生的原因，而把本来属于人民内部矛盾性质的持不同政见者正常探讨社会主义体制弊病和揭露社会问题的批评列入敌对行动，这不仅掩盖了日益尖锐的社会矛盾，窒息了公民和社会的积极探索精神，削弱了民众对共产主义美好前景的向往，为苏共丧失执政地位和苏联解体埋下祸根。同时，也严重损害了苏联社会主义在世界上的形象。当然，苏联持不同政见者运动参加者中也有极少数人坚决反苏反共，但他们采取的手段是和平的，主要是思想和道义上的，真正力图颠覆现政权和社会制度的仅仅是个别少数人。
[Abstract]:With the Brezhnev administration, until Gorbachev on the eve of reform before the end of the dissident movement of the Soviet Union, its appearance and long, and the government how to deal with different voices from the society or the voice of the opponents, especially different voices representing the advanced class of the society of intellectuals, this is a great subject in front of a the ruling party. The policies and measures of the Soviet Party and government in dealing with the dissident movement on the serious problems exist for the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the loss of the status of the ruling party afterwards, it left us a lot of thinking and recalling, we should draw some lessons.
"The Soviet dissident movement of" the problem of political sensitivity is very strong, in addition, many dissidents are privately published books and articles, offering a limited range, this is tantamount to the data collection has increased many difficulties. Therefore, there is still no systematic research on this problem, even in the study this topic is in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union.
This paper focuses on the Soviet dissident movement of the main clue, and the government against the dissident movement through the introduction, the text and the conclusion three parts constitute an organic whole. The introduction briefly explains the significance of the dissident movement, put forward the research problem, the definition of "dissident", introduces the research status at home and abroad, analyzes the relationship between the dissident movement and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, to build a theoretical system for the paper.
The text is divided into four chapters. The first chapter analyzes the dissident movement of the Soviet Union have the historical and international background, put forward the dissident movement in the Soviet Union is a result of the internal reasons, there are also external effects, but the social basis and political system and other ills internal reasons is the first point of view. The dissident movement of the Soviet Union is a complicated social phenomenon of political dissidents, not class enemies, nor the dissidents of the Soviet society, but the products of this declining system.
The second chapter is the origin of the dissident movement and after is one of the major chapters, this chapter first introduced in December 5, 1965 the outbreak of the first Soviet history to "abide by the constitution" as the slogan of the demonstrations, the Pushkin Square in Moscow since then, holding the dissident movement from the ground surface, become a Brezhnev era an influential political problem. Secondly, interpret the character division and each stage of the dissident movement of the Soviet Union. In the third stage, through a large number of first-hand materials introduced originated in the mid 1960s, ending in mid 80s with Roy Medvedev as the representative of the Democratic Socialist faction, the main factions of Sakharov as the representative of the western school and the Slav school by Solzhenitsyn etc. the dissident movement of the Soviet Union's political views, to In the end, the core content of the movement of the dissidents in the Soviet Union, the movement to maintain the rights, was analyzed.
The third chapter introduces and analyzes the Soviet dissidents spread their ideas and opinions, exchange and sharing of information of the main tools -- private publications. The fourth chapter explains the use of archival materials of the Soviet Party and government policies and measures towards dissidents, cause and policy to suppress the dissident movement of the serious
Consequence.
On the basis of the above analysis and research, the conclusion of the majority of the Soviet Union's dissidents movement is put forward in the concluding part.
The additive is not the discredited of the socialist system, as the government says, and the imperialist "subversive"
The views of the Soviet socialist system. In fact, they are not satisfied with the status quo and have innovative ideas.
People who are concerned about the future and destiny of the country, who dare to face the power and give out the voice of their hearts. Their "dissidents"
It is mainly about the shortcomings of the party and state system, the policy and the internal and external policies, as well as the consciousness of the rigid dogma.
The form has put forward strong criticism, demanding justice to deal with the ethnic and religious problems left over by the Stalin era.
The pain caused by Stalin's personal superstition to the Soviet society is to return to the true Marx Lenin doctrine, and to bring Su to the Soviet Union.
Joint construction becomes a pluralistic society of democracy, freedom, and the rule of law. Many dissidents do not deny Mark
The ideological and socialist roads are only against the restoration of Stalin's autocratic rule and the opposition to one party autocracy.
We hope to make full use of the superiority of the socialist system through reform and make political democracy, freedom of speech and people oriented
The constitutional provisions are actually implemented in real life. Many of their claims are only the inherent reason for human beings.
The desire for democracy, freedom and rights is in line with the world trend of peace, democracy and development.
The party and government of the Brezhnev period did not find it from the political system and its own work.
The reason is that the dissidents who are originally dissidents belonging to the contradictions in the people's interior have a normal discussion of the disadvantages of the socialist system.
Disease and expose the social problems of criticism in hostilities, which not only obscures the increasingly social conflicts,.
The active exploration spirit of the citizens and the society has undermined the people's yearning for the good prospect of communism and for the Soviet Union.
The disintegration of the Communist Party and the disintegration of the Soviet Union buried the scourge of the Soviet Union. At the same time, it seriously damaged the Soviet socialism in the world.
The image on it.
Of course, there are also a few of the Soviet dissidents campaigner resolutely anti Soviet anti Communist, but they
The means to be taken are peaceful, mainly ideological and moral, and really try to subvert the current regime and social system.
It's only a few people.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K512

【引证文献】