共和末期罗马元老院的演变

发布时间：2018-03-11 20:56

本文选题：共和末期　切入点：罗马元老院　出处：《华中师范大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 本文叙述了元老院在公元前133—31年权力的演变情况,重点分析某一时期的代表性人物与元老院的关系,试图叙述共和国后期元老院权力演变的具体过程。罗马共和国早期,由于元老院的特殊作用,它为共和国的发展做出了巨大贡献。随着罗马内外形势的发展变化,元老院没有及时调整它的政策,争取新力量的支持,最终使自己在斗争中逐渐失利。在公元前133年之前,元老院是罗马权力的中心。罗马的一切大事都是由它做出决策,罗马的发展壮大与元老院的英明分不开。前133年,提比略·格拉古当选为保民官,罗马开始了保民官挑战元老院权威的时期。他试图解决农民的土地问题,但是遭到了元老院的强烈反对,改革失败。他的弟弟盖约在十年后进行了一系列试图限制元老院权力,提升骑士地位的改革。虽然他也以失败告终,但他的立法产生了巨大影响,成功地限制了元老院的权力,提升了骑士的地位。格拉古兄弟的改革开启了保民官与元老院斗争的序幕,为后来罗马的内部纷争埋下了种子。在执政官、军队与元老院错综复杂的关系中,罗马历史进入了空前的大动乱时期,元老院成为斗争的焦点。朱古达战争引起了人民和元老院的矛盾,马略顺应形势的发展,改革了罗马的征兵制度,军队开始卷入政治。在罗马面临外部的不安时,军队成为罗马征服的工具,但是由于元老院把军队推向将军,士兵成为内乱的重要力量,对国家和元老院都造成了巨大伤害。退伍老兵的安置、意大利人争取罗马公民权和保民官对新公民的分配困扰拥有权力的元老院。由于元老院没有合理的安排,使自己处于被动地位。在这一时期,元老院由罗马的主宰变成将军统治罗马的工具。元老院在这一时期的前期主宰罗马事务。庞培崛起后,元老院又极力限制他的影响,元老院对凯撒和克拉苏的排斥,使他们形成了“前三头”。在凯撒通过征服高卢强大起来后,元老院联合庞培试图约束凯撒,二者的敌意引发了内战,最终凯撒成为胜利者,元老院成为独裁者的工具。他在罗马进行了一系列巩固权力的改革,破坏了罗马共和国的根基,加速了罗马共和的消亡。在屋大维与元老院关系的演变过程中,元老院最终失去了它的独立功能。在凯撒被刺后,元老院又一次成为罗马权力的中心。但是,凯撒的影响并没有随之消失。当时的官员都与凯撒的提拔分不开,元老院并不能废除他的立法。在与凯撒势力的斗争中,元老院首先与屋大维结盟,打败了安东尼;后来又试图抵制屋大维,遭到了他的强烈反对。屋大维于是与安东尼和雷比达联合,形成了罗马历史上的“后三头”。三者又联手打败了亲元老院的布鲁图和卡西乌斯,元老院彻底失去了与“后三头”对峙的力量,沦为屋大维和安东尼统治罗马的工具。屋大维和安东尼关系破裂后,屋大维赶走了安东尼的支持者,元老院彻底成为屋大维统治罗马的工具。独立功能丧失殆尽,罗马共和消亡了。
[Abstract]:This paper describes the Senate in 133 BC - 31 years of power relations evolution, focuses on the analysis of a certain period of the representative and the Senate, attempts to describe the late Republic Senate power evolution of the specific process. Early the Republic of Rome, due to the special role of the Senate, it has made great contribution to the development of the Republic of Rome. With the development and changes of the situation inside and outside, the Senate did not adjust its policy for the support of the new force, eventually leading to their gradual loss in the struggle.
Before 133 B.C., the Senate was the center of Rome's power. All the major events in Rome were made by it. Rome's growth and development were inseparable from the wisdom of the Senate.
133 years ago, Tiberius Gracchus was elected to the Rome Tribune, the Tribune began to challenge the authority of the Senate. He tried to solve the land problem, but was strongly opposed to the Senate, the failure of the reform. His brother Gaius in ten years after a series of test power limits the Senate reform to enhance the status of the knight. Although he had failed, but had a great influence on his legislation, succeeded in limiting the Senate, enhancing the knight status. Brothers Gracchus'Reforms opened the prelude to an officer of the Senate and the struggle for Rome's internal disputes later planted the seeds.
In Archon, the army and the Senate perplexing relationship, Rome has entered a period of unprecedented turmoil, the Senate has become the focus of the struggle. Jugutha war caused the contradiction between the people and the Senate, Marius follow the development of the situation, the reform of Rome's military conscription, the army began to get involved in politics. In the face of Rome external upset, the army became the Rome conquest of the tool, but because of the Senate of the army to the generals, soldiers have become an important force in civil strife, have caused great harm to the country and the Senate. Veterans resettlement, for the people of Italy Rome citizenship and an officer of allocation of the new citizens have the power of the Senate troubled due to the Senate. There is no reasonable arrangement, make yourself in a passive position.
During this period, the Senate of Rome by the general rule of Rome master into tools. The Senate dominated Rome affairs in the early period. After the rise of Pompeii, the Senate tried to limit his influence, the Senate rejection of Kaiser and Crassus, so they formed a "top three". The conquest of Gaul strong in Kaiser, Pompeii combined the Senate to rein in Kaiser, the two hostile triggered a civil war, eventually Kaiser became the winner, the Senate became dictator. He carried out a series of reforms to consolidate power in Rome, destroyed the foundation of the Republic of Rome, accelerate the demise of the Republic of Rome.
In the evolution of the relationship between Octavius and the Senate, the Senate finally lost its independent function in Kaiser. After the assassination, the Senate once again become the center of power in Rome. However, the impact of Kaiser did not disappear. At that time, officials with Kaiser promotion is inseparable from the Senate and cannot be abolished his legislation. And Kaiser in the power struggle in the Senate, the first allied with Octavius, defeated Anthony; and later tried to resist Octavius, was his strong opposition. So Octavius and Anthony and Lepidus joint, the formation of the Rome history of the "three head". Three also to beat veteran Pro Institute of Brutus and Cassius, the Senate lost power three head "and" confrontation, become Octavius Anthony ruled Rome. Octavius and Anthony break after Anton Octavius away A supporter of Nei, the Senate was a tool for Octavius to rule Rome. Its independence was lost and the Republic of Rome died.

【学位授予单位】：华中师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K126

【共引文献】