英国议会研究1529-1689

发布时间：2018-03-16 05:38

本文选题：英国议会　切入点：主权　出处：《东北师范大学》2013年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在1529至1689年间，英国议会经历了重大变化，从一个不定期召开的政治辅助会议，转变为常规的最高权力决策机构。议会战胜了所有竞争者，教皇、国王和下院。1529年宗教改革开始后，罗马教皇的权威在英国开始溃退。1689年《权利法案》禁止天主教信仰者继承王位，，标志着教皇再也不能竞争英国主权了。国王与议会争夺主权，导致了内战的爆发。议会虽然取得了胜利，但自身却蜕变为仅剩少数下院议员的寡头政体。奥利弗·克伦威尔尝试为议会寡头政体设置制衡，建立了护国公政体。护国公政体因为以军队的支持为基础，最终失去了民众的信任。与议会寡头和护国公政体相比，民众更倾向于恢复君主制。斯图亚特王朝复辟恢复了议会与国王对主权的争夺。詹姆斯二世因为在英国恢复天主教信仰，失去了议会中原有的支持者。辉格党和托利党联合发动政变，赶走了詹姆斯二世，将信仰新教的威廉和玛丽加冕为王。议会能够在众多竞争者中脱颖而出，因为议会能够最大限度地避免专制政治。议会自身的结构赋予议会主权先天的宪政因子。与由教皇或国王掌握最高权力的政体不同，议会权力由国王、贵族和平民共同产生。主权在产生之前已经通过了议会内部的预制衡，消除了专制的风险。国王和上院的存在，能够避免下院被少数人操控，形成下院专权。英国议会通过不同于传统君主制的方式，产生了保护而不是侵害公众权利的主权。
[Abstract]:Between 1529 and 1689, the British Parliament underwent a major shift from an ad hoc auxiliary political meeting to a conventional supreme decision-making body. Parliament defeated all contenders, the Pope, the King and the House of Commons. After the religious reforms began on 1529, the pope's authority began to fester in England. The 1689 Bill of Rights prohibits Catholic believers from succeeding to the throne. A sign that the Pope can no longer compete for British sovereignty. The king fought for sovereignty with Parliament, which led to the outbreak of a civil war. But he turned into an oligarchy with only a few members of the House of Commons. Oliver Cromwell tried to put checks and balances on the oligarch in Parliament and established the regime of the protectorate, which was based on the support of the army. Lost the trust of the people. Compared with the oligarchs and the protectors, The people were more inclined to restore the monarchy. The restoration of the Stuart dynasty had restored the struggle for sovereignty between Parliament and the king. James II had reinstated the Catholic faith in England. The Whigs and Tories United in a coup that drove out James II and crowned Protestant William and Mary as kings. Parliament can stand out from many competitors because it can avoid authoritarian politics to the maximum extent. Parliament's own structure gives it inherent constitutional elements of sovereignty. Unlike a regime in which the pope or king holds the highest power, Parliamentary power is co-created by kings, nobles and civilians. Sovereignty has been pre-empted by pre-checks and balances within Parliament, eliminating the risk of despotism. The existence of the king and the upper house can prevent the lower house from being manipulated by a minority. The British Parliament, in a way different from the traditional monarchy, produces sovereignty that protects, not infringes, the rights of the public.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D756.1;K561.33

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