论朝战期间麦克阿瑟同美国政府之间在战略方针上的歧异

发布时间：2018-03-16 18:05

本文选题：朝鲜战争　切入点：麦克阿瑟　出处：《山东师范大学》2008年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 朝鲜战争,发生在第二次世界大战之后的冷战的初期,虽然不能与两次世界大战相提并论,但却是冷战期间发生的第一场热战,也是东西方之间最严重的冲突之一。它是一场从朝鲜内战升级为多国派兵参加、具有相当规模的国际冲突。这场战争,就其战争形态或类别来说,属于局部战争,也称局部地区的国际战争,或国际性的局部战争。可以说,在局部战争的历史上,朝鲜战争内含的冲突因素之多是空前的。由于存在诸多对立面,且军事斗争与政治斗争和外交斗争交织在一起,使得这场战争呈现出相当激烈和异常复杂的具象。朝鲜战争爆发后,麦克阿瑟与杜鲁门政府在基本政策出发点上发生了重大分歧,他们之间的争争吵吵,随着美军在战场上的胜利与失败,而起起伏伏。最终使美国人引以为豪的五星上将麦克阿瑟过快地结束了自己无与伦比的军旅生涯,使这位20世纪美国最优秀的军事战略家蒙受了缺乏政治洞察力和敏锐性的责难。战时的杜鲁门政府也由于朝鲜战争引发的一系列问题而饱受美国朝野的攻击,从而使其政府在美国公众中的声誉大打折扣。出乎意料的战争,出乎意料的结果,使美国人经历了从胜利的巅峰,跌至进退维谷的境地,转而怀着难以名状的挫败感,与其坚决予以抵制的共产党国家妥协,签订停火协议。麦克阿瑟虽然是杰出的战略家,但却不具备政治分析家的敏锐。朝鲜战争爆发后,身为战地指挥官的麦克阿瑟未能站在一个政治家与战略家的高度,对时事做出睿智的判断;同时,在杜鲁门政府一再向其阐述美国国策的时候,麦克阿瑟也未能及时调整自己的思路,与政府站在一边,而是固执地认为,杜鲁门政府的有限战争理论实际上是一种僵持对峙的战术,是欧洲绥靖主义政策在亚洲的重演。孙子兵法中说,“上下同欲者胜”。而麦克阿瑟与杜鲁门政府之间诸多分歧,使其不能协调一致地行动,才导致了美国“在错误的时间,错误的地点,同错误的敌人,进行了一场错误的战争”。麦克阿瑟和杜鲁门在对待朝鲜战争的根本目标是一致的,他们都企图通过武力来遏制社会主义势力,但由于两人在具体的行动、步骤上有不同的意见,再加上麦克阿瑟妄自尊大、刚愎自用的性格,使其终被解职。杜鲁门罢免麦克阿瑟保证了美国全球战略的实行,为和平解决朝鲜问题扫清了一大障碍。同时,维护了美国宪法规定的对军队的文职控制原则,捍卫了美国的资产阶级民主制度。美国的决策机制内在的制度弹性很值得借鉴,它揭示了极其重要的战略启示:任何国家的任何军事行动,都必须服从于国家的整体战略利益的需要,任何将领都必须绝对服从于武装部队最高统帅,绝不能允许任何自行其是的行动。
[Abstract]:The Korean War, which took place in the early days of the cold war after World War II, was the first hot war during the Cold War, although it could not be compared with the two world wars. It is also one of the most serious conflicts between the East and the West. It is an international conflict that has escalated from the Korean civil war to the participation of multinational troops and has a considerable scale. This war, in terms of its form or type of war, is a local war. Also known as international wars in local areas, or international local wars. It can be said that in the history of local wars, the number of conflict factors contained in the Korean War was unprecedented. Because of the existence of many opposites, Moreover, the military struggle, political struggle and diplomatic struggle intertwined, which made the war quite intense and complicated. After the outbreak of the Korean War, MacArthur and the Truman government had major differences on the starting point of their basic policy. Their arguments and quarrels, with the victory and defeat of the US military on the battlefield, And ups and downs. The five-star general, MacArthur, who eventually made Americans proud, ended his unparalleled military career too quickly. In 20th century, the best American military strategist was blamed for a lack of political insight and acumen. The wartime Truman administration was also attacked by the United States' ruling and opposition parties for a series of problems caused by the Korean War. The government's reputation in the American public has been greatly compromised. The unexpected war, the unexpected outcome, has led Americans from the peak of victory to the depths of their struggles, and to a sense of indescribable frustration. Compromise with the communist state, which resolutely resisted, and sign a ceasefire agreement. Although MacArthur was an outstanding strategist, he did not possess the acumen of a political analyst. After the Korean War broke out, MacArthur, as a field commander, failed to make wise judgments on current affairs from the height of a statesman and strategist; At the same time, when the Truman administration repeatedly explained to it the state policy of the United States, MacArthur was unable to adjust his thinking in time to side with the government, but stubbornly believed that. Truman's theory of limited war is in fact a kind of standoff tactic, a replay of European appeasement in Asia. Sun Tzu's art of war says that "the upper and lower are the same as those who want to win." and MacArthur and the Truman government have many differences. Its inability to act in concert led the United States to "wage the wrong war at the wrong time, in the wrong place, with the wrong enemy." MacArthur and Truman agreed on the fundamental goal of dealing with the Korean War. They both tried to contain the socialist forces by force, but because of their specific actions, they had different views on the steps to be taken. Coupled with MacArthur's egotistical and domineering character, MacArthur was eventually dismissed. Truman's removal from MacArthur ensured the implementation of the United States global strategy and cleared a major obstacle to a peaceful settlement of the Korean issue. It has upheld the principle of civilian control over the military as stipulated in the US Constitution, and defended the bourgeois democracy in the United States. The inherent institutional flexibility of the decision-making mechanism in the United States is worth learning from. It reveals an extremely important strategic implication: any military action of any country must serve the needs of the overall strategic interests of the nation, and any general must be absolutely subordinate to the supreme commander in chief of the armed forces. No action should be allowed to go its own way.
【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K712.54

【引证文献】