二战后德国赔偿问题研究

发布时间：2018-03-17 09:46

本文选题：二战　切入点：德国　出处：《武汉大学》2010年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：德国在第二次世界大战中战败,战后必须为军事上的失败及战争中的罪行支付赔偿。战后德国赔偿从1945年开始,至今尚未结束。按照时间顺序,本文分3章对3个阶段的战后德国赔偿进行论述：占领时期的赔偿、冷战期间联邦德国的赔偿和德国重新统一后的赔偿。对比占领时期和联邦德国时期的赔偿可以看出,战后德国经历了从“被动赔偿”向“主动赔偿”的转变。占领时期德国在盟国的强制下支付赔偿,联邦德国则是主动向战争受害者支付赔偿。第二次世界大战期间盟国就开始讨论制订战后德国赔偿政策,美国、英国和苏联政府内部都制订了相关方案。雅尔塔到波茨坦会议对德国赔偿问题做出了决议,三大国代表为此进行了激烈争论。雅尔塔会议确定了德国以实物支付赔偿的原则,波茨坦会议确定了“分区赔偿”原则。1946年以后美国与苏联终结了在赔偿事务上的合作。1945至1953年占领时期东德与西德的赔偿政策差别很大。苏联在东德大规模拆迁工业设备和提取工业产品作为赔偿,严重削弱了东德地区的工业实力。美国则在1946年以后大幅度削减西德赔偿计划,扶植西德工业复兴。联邦德国建立后,阿登纳政府为了重建德国在国际社会的声望,积极对以色列和犹太人世界进行赔偿。1952年德以签订《卢森堡条约》,联邦德国从1952至1966年向以色列和犹太人世界支付了34.5亿马克赔偿,对以色列经济发展起到了重要作用。根据《卢森堡条约》的规定,联邦德国在1956年颁布《联邦赔偿法》,对二战中的受害者进行赔偿。这是人类历史上第一次有战败国制订法律保障战争受害者获取赔偿的权利。犹太人世界还组织起来向一些使用过犹太劳工的德国企业发起赔偿诉讼,一些德国企业在国内外压力下向犹太劳工支付了赔偿,如IG法本、克虏伯、西门子、奔驰、大众公司等。德国重新统一和冷战结束后,大量东欧地区的二战劳工向德国发起了赔偿诉讼。2000年联邦德国政府和企业共同出资建立了“纪念、责任与未来”基金会,2001至2007年有100多万名中欧和东欧地区的二战劳工得到赔偿。德国通过持续性的赔偿展示了反思战争和承担战争罪责的勇气与决心,大大改善了德国的国际形象,为德国重返西方世界消除了道德上的障碍。战后德国赔偿还对东亚战争受害者向日本索取赔偿有一定借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:Germany was defeated in the second World War and must pay compensation for military defeat and war crimes after the war. Postwar German reparations began in 1945 and have not yet ended. This paper discusses the compensation of postwar Germany in three stages: compensation during the occupation period, compensation for the Federal Germany during the Cold War and compensation after the reunification of Germany, which can be seen from the comparison of the compensation during the occupation period and the period of the Federal Republic of Germany. After the war, Germany underwent a transformation from "passive compensation" to "active compensation". During the occupation period, Germany paid compensation under the compulsion of its allies, while the Federal Republic of Germany paid compensation to the victims of the war on its own initiative. During the second World War, the allies began to discuss the formulation of a post-war German compensation policy, and the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union all worked out relevant plans. Yalta's meeting at Potsdam made a resolution on German compensation. The representatives of the three powers had a heated debate over the matter. The Yalta meeting established the principle of Germany's payment of compensation in kind. After 1946, the United States and the Soviet Union ended their cooperation in compensation matters. The compensation policies of East Germany and West Germany during the occupation period from 1945 to 1953 were very different. Industrial equipment and extraction of industrial products as compensation, Industrial power in the East Germany region has been severely weakened. The United States, after 1946, drastically reduced the West German compensation program and nurtured an industrial revival in West Germany. After the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Adenauer government, in order to rebuild Germany's prestige in the international community, Israel and the Jewish world were actively compensated. In 1952, Germany and Israel signed the Treaty of Luxembourg, and the Federal Republic of Germany paid 3.45 billion marks of compensation to Israel and the Jewish world from 1952 to 1966. Has played an important role in the economic development of Israel. According to the provisions of the Luxembourg Treaty, In 1956, the Federal Republic of Germany promulgated the Federal compensation Act to compensate victims of World War II. This is the first time in human history that a defeated country has enacted laws to guarantee the right of war victims to compensation. Get up and sue for compensation against some German companies that have used Jewish labor. Some German companies have paid compensation to Jewish workers under domestic and foreign pressure, such as IG, Krupp, Siemens, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, etc. After the reunification of Germany and the end of the cold war, a large number of workers in Eastern Europe filed a compensation lawsuit against Germany. In 2000, the federal government and enterprises co-funded the "memorial," Between 2001 and 2007, more than a million World War II workers in Central and Eastern Europe were compensated. Germany has demonstrated its courage and determination to reflect on the war and bear responsibility for war crimes through sustained reparations, which has greatly improved its international image. After the war, German compensation can also be used as a reference for the victims of the East Asian war to claim compensation from Japan.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：K153

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