吕西阿斯演说与雅典“大赦”

发布时间：2018-03-18 23:35

本文选题：吕西阿斯演说　切入点：大赦和解　出处：《上海师范大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：在经历了短暂而血腥的内战后，公元前403年雅典民主政治得到了重建。战后，民主派并没有对之前寡头派犯下的恶行进行报复，相反却与之和解，宣布“大赦”。但是在公元前四世纪初吕西阿斯的多篇演说中，内战与和解成为了演说者们所关注的焦点，，大赦并没有使民众忘却寡头派过去所犯下的错误。通过对吕西阿斯多篇演说进行具体考察，分析演说者对修辞策略的采用，我们发现，雅典内部的秩序最终通过演说者对城邦意识形态—“分裂”与“和谐”的反复重申而实现。第一章结合与吕西阿斯同时期的古典作家们的相关记载，笔者对公元前403年雅典大赦和解的形成历史背景与主要的内容做简要的介绍，并对吕西阿斯多篇演说中所涉及到的大赦和解的相关内容做较为详细的梳理。第二章以吕西阿斯第18篇演说辞为例，分析在诉讼演说中，演说者通过将个人的经历与城邦的历史相结合的叙事方法，通过修辞策略的运用，一方面淡化城邦在前民主政治统治时期所遭受的“伤痛”记忆，突出自己在三十寡头上台前后所经历的“苦难”，将自己及其家族成员塑造为民主政治的拥护者；另一方面，强化大赦在维护城邦未来正义方面所具有的权威，将对手看似正当的复仇行为转化为非正义的“分裂”活动。通过这样一种修辞，在民众的政治话语中，大赦不再是强加于民众愤怒情感上的枷锁，而转变为一种维护城邦稳定的正义的行为；不再是外部力量干涉的结果，而是出于民众的忠于自己的誓言，忠于城邦的美德的展示。第三章笔者分别从“分裂”与“和谐”这两个维度来分析在大赦和解的语境下演说者如何通过修辞技巧的采用来维护雅典城邦内部民主政治的稳固。在第一节，笔者将分析在重建后的民主政治中，演说者不仅对大赦的所涉及的双方作出重新的解读，并且通过将公民政治身份进行重构，来实现城邦内部的统一。第二节，笔者将详细阐述在回忆公民个人与雅典城邦所遭遇的不幸时，演说者如何来解释这些事件发生的原因。从中可以看出演说者往往将它们归结为雅典内部冲突的结果。如果要避免历史重演，重新建立的民主政治就需要向相反的方面努力，即实现内部的一致与和谐。通过对吕西阿斯演说中对大赦相关事件的描述，我们可以发现在演说中演说者修辞技巧的采用，试图重塑城邦的历史记忆，进而调解城邦内部隐藏在大赦和解下的分裂，实现其内部的和平。
[Abstract]:After a brief and bloody civil war, democracy in Athens was rebuilt in 403 BC. After the war, the Democrats did not retaliate against the previous oligarch, but reconciled with it. "Amnesty." but in many speeches by Lucius in early 4th century, civil war and reconciliation became the focus of the speakers' attention. The amnesty did not make the people forget the mistakes made by the oligarchs in the past. By examining the speeches of Lysias in detail and analyzing the use of rhetorical strategies by the speakers, we find that. The internal order of Athens was finally realized by the repeated reaffirmation of polis ideology-"division" and "harmony" by the orators. In the first chapter, combining with the relevant records of the classical writers of the same period as Lucius, the author makes a brief introduction to the historical background and main contents of the formation of amnesty reconciliation in Athens in 403 BC. Moreover, the contents of amnesty and reconciliation involved in many speeches of Lysias are combed in detail. The second chapter takes the 18th speech of Lysias as an example to analyze the narrative method which combines personal experience with the history of the city-state and the use of rhetorical strategies in the litigation speech. On the one hand, by playing down the memory of the "pain" suffered by the city-states during the pre-democratic period, and by highlighting the "suffering" they experienced before and after the 30 oligarchs came to power, and by portraying themselves and their family members as advocates of democratic politics; on the other hand, To strengthen the authority of amnesty in safeguarding the future justice of the city-state, and to turn the seemingly legitimate acts of vengeance of opponents into unjust "divisive" activities. Through such rhetoric, in the political discourse of the people, Amnesty is no longer a shackle imposed on public anger, but a just act to maintain the stability of a city. It is no longer the result of interference from outside forces, but a demonstration of the loyalty of the people to themselves and the virtues of the city-states. In the third chapter, the author analyzes how the orators maintain the stability of the inner democracy of the Athenian city-state through the adoption of rhetorical skills in the context of amnesty and reconciliation from the two dimensions of "division" and "harmony". The author will analyze that in the reconstructed democratic politics, the speaker not only reinterprets the two sides involved in the amnesty, but also reconstructs the political identity of the citizen to realize the unity within the city-state. The author will explain in detail the misfortunes experienced by individual citizens and the Athenian city-states, How do speakers explain why these events happened. It can be seen that speakers often attribute them to the outcome of the internal conflict in Athens. If history is to be avoided, the re-established democracy needs to work in the opposite direction. That is to achieve internal consistency and harmony. By describing the events related to amnesty in Lysias's speech, we can find that the use of rhetorical skills of the speakers in the speech attempts to reconstruct the historical memory of the city-states, thus mediating the division within the city-states hidden under the amnesties of reconciliation. To achieve internal peace.
【学位授予单位】：上海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K125

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