第一波半现代化之“帝国的胎动”——18世纪普鲁士和奥地利的崛起之路

发布时间：2018-03-24 20:36

  本文选题：奥地利　切入点：普鲁士　出处：《世界经济与政治》2017年05期

【摘要】：作者以18世纪普鲁士和奥地利作为案例来研究第一波半现代化(1700—1789年)中的改革,通过融合军事官僚论和强制资本论两种路径,从三个方面介绍两国的改革历程:在政治改革中,由于贵族的虚弱,普鲁士和奥地利都不同程度地加强了中央集权;在经济改革中,普鲁士和奥地利都未能彻底废除农奴制度,但是通过重商主义和国家干预部分实现了工业化;在财政改革中,普鲁士和奥地利都加强了中央政府对财政的管理,大幅提高了财政收入。总体来看,它们的改革都为其此后的大国之路奠定了基础。但是,由于奥地利未能彻底摆脱王朝国家的特性,缺乏足够强的国家能力,始终未能成为一流大国;而普鲁士依靠更强的国家能力,在旧制度下实现了高效的管理。将样本拓展到18世纪的西欧各国可以发现,相比法国、西班牙和奥地利,只有普鲁士那样同时具备较弱的利益集团和较强的国家能力,才能在旧制度下成功推动部分改革。
[Abstract]:The author takes Prussia and Austria as examples in the 18th century to study the reform in the first wave of semi-modernization 1700-1789. By combining the two paths of military bureaucracy theory and compulsory capital theory, the author introduces the reform course of the two countries from three aspects: in political reform, Due to the weakness of the aristocrats, Prussia and Austria strengthened centralization in varying degrees. In the economic reform, both Prussia and Austria failed to abolish the serf system completely, but industrialized partly through mercantilism and state intervention. In fiscal reform, both Prussia and Austria have strengthened the central government's fiscal management and substantially increased fiscal revenues. Overall, their reforms have laid the foundation for their subsequent path to a big country. Because Austria has not completely escaped the identity of the dynastic state and lacks a sufficiently strong national capacity, it has never been able to become a first-class power; Prussia, however, relies on a stronger national capacity. Under the old system, efficient management was achieved. By extending the sample to Western European countries in the 18th century, it was found that only Prussia had the same weak interest groups and stronger national capacity as France, Spain and Austria. Only under the old system can part of the reform be successfully promoted.
【作者单位】： 复旦大学国际关系与公共事务学院;
【基金】：笔者主持的中国博士后科学基金“现代化的起点:早期西欧国家兴衰的历史经验”(课题编号:2016M600273)的阶段性成果 陈树渠比较政治发展研究中心项目“18世纪西欧的现代化与国家建设研究”(项目编号:CCPDS-FudanNDKT16006)的资助
【分类号】：K516.3;K521.3
，

本文编号：1659928