宋元时期的史学成就_加洛林时代史学成就探微

  本文关键词：加洛林时代史学成就探微，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。

        加洛林时代其时间跨度为公元8世纪中叶至公元10世纪末,长达230余年。期间,一个独具特色的西方基督教文明基本形成,实为西方文明的早期发展阶段。尤其是在所谓“加洛林文艺复兴”的促进下,这一时段遗留下数量众多、类型繁杂的文献史料,如年代记、编年史、帝王传记、圣徒行传以及各个修道院和主教区的历史等,它们皆为早期西方文明研究不可或缺的基础文献。然而,迄今为止,国内学术界对其研究微乎其微,无论是译介的史料,还是西方史学史教材中详加介绍的史料仅限于一部爱因哈德的《查理大帝传》,为了夯实研究早期西方文明的基础,对于加洛林时代史学成就的研究势在必行,通过本项研究,要实现如下目标：基本厘清加洛林时代各种史学体裁的缘起及流变、重要史家及其作品的概况,对于加洛林时代史学修撰事业相对繁盛的历史动因、加洛林时代史学成就的历史特点及在西方史学发展链条中的历史地位等问题详加探究。本研究共有四部分构成,即前加洛林时代的西方基督教史学、加洛林史学崛起的原因、加洛林史学的各种体例、加洛林史学的特点。第一章主要论述了加洛林时代之前,西方基督教史学的发展历程。自公元3世纪起,伴随着罗马帝国的奴隶制危机,曾经辉煌一时的古典文化渐趋没落,古典史学也与古典文化的其它分支一样失去了往日的光彩。在帝国政权崩塌倾圮的同时,原本受到压制的基督教会大为发展,世俗权威与宗教权威的此消彼长,使人们的思想深处经历了一场以神性取代人性的“革命”,这场革命使上帝走进了史学领域,于是基督教史学取代了先前的古典史学,尤西比乌斯、圣·奥古斯丁、奥卢西乌斯等教父学者成为了帝国后期基督教史学的先行者。而在西罗马帝国灭亡之后,由于战乱以及刚刚入主文明地区的日耳曼人的文化落后,使得西方史学的水准在早期基督教史学的基础上进一步下滑,西哥特、东哥特、盎格鲁-萨克逊、墨洛温法兰克等诸蛮族王国的史学状况均大抵如是：少写寡作且质量低劣,“民族史”、编年史、圣徒传等体裁大行其道。第二章主要论述了加洛林时代史学崛起的原因,加洛林时代史学的崛起主要体现在史学作品的数量远远超过了西罗马帝国灭亡后的那几个黑暗世纪,在加洛林时代,由于查理大帝发动了一系列复兴古典文化的举措,使得更多的人掌握了文字这一保存历史记忆的工具,所以加洛林时代的史学创造力要优于西罗马帝国灭亡后的那几个黑暗的世纪。另外,加洛林法兰克人主要使用的书写材料——皮纸对于他们保存历史记忆的活动有着重要的影响,由于皮纸材质的不易腐烂,使得加洛林法兰克人建立在“加洛林文艺复兴”基础之上的史学成果——原创性的史作和誊抄的前代史作能够以较大的数量留传至今。第三章主要论述了加洛林时代的各种史学体裁,包括编年史、年代记、帝王传记、宗教人物传记、政治见闻录和政治学说史。编年史是由早期基督教史家阿非利加纳创立的,这种史学体裁由于在形式上充分反映了基督教的线性时间观念而一直活跃不衰。加洛林史家在继承该体裁原有写作范式的基础上,对这种体裁形式进行了某些改良,以合乎新的时代要求。年代记是由盎格鲁-萨克逊传至法兰克的一种史学体裁,它在数百年的时间里经历了由修道院撰写的言词简练的小年代记向宫廷撰写的内容详尽的大年代记的转变。帝王传记这一古老的史学体裁在基督教史学兴起后便归于消亡,然而在呼唤英雄的加洛林时代,它又重新崛起。在政教合作频频上演、基督教会势力不断壮大的背景下,反映宗教人物的史学体裁在加洛林时代依然活跃,其中,就包括了旧有的圣徒传,以及模仿罗马历代教皇传而形成的新的史学体裁-历代主教或历代住持传。在政治活动和军事斗争波澜壮阔的加洛林时代,能够反映时代主题的政治见闻录和政治学说史也重新出现,它们记录了同时代的历史,也为后世留下了一系列教育帝王和皇子,探讨皇权与教权关系的政治思想。第四章主要论述了加洛林史学的特点,包括古典气息的隐约复现、基督教史学传统的继承与发展、多轨并驰的修史格局、倾向性的史书内容、新旧兼具的认同意识。史学活动是特定社会条件和政治状态所造就的一种文化活动,它在特定的历史时期,由于不同的社会条件和政治状态的作用,必然会呈现出不同的形态特点。在加洛林时代,由于“加洛林文艺复兴”在一定程度上改变了中古早期西欧世界形同荒漠的文化状态,在较低的层次上“复活”了古典文化,故而,我们能够从加洛林时代的历史文献中隐约看到古典史学的气息,这是加洛林史家对古典史学加以简单模仿的结果。加洛林时代也是西欧基督教文化史上的一个关键时期,在这一时期里,由尤西比乌斯开创的基督教史学传统得到了继承与发展,表现为公元纪年法的普遍应用,线性史观的继承与发展。国内学界传统观点认为“中古西方的修史活动受教会控制”或“中古西方的修史活动仍为私家的修史活动”。而事实是加洛林时代存在着一种王/皇室、私人、修道院、主教区皆得参与的多元化的修史格局。国内学界传统观点认为“中古西方史学仅仅是一个为宗教神学服务的工具,并不依附于世俗的统治权力”。而事实是加洛林史学与中国古代的官修史学一样,与王／皇室之间也存在着一种服务与支持的交互关系,只是这种交互关系并不像中国古代官修史学那样组织化、制度化、体系化。加洛林时代是古典文明裂变为西方文明、拜占庭文明、伊斯兰文明的关键时期,新旧文明的交替嬗变为加洛林时代的历史文献留下了“欧洲”与“罗马”两种新旧有别的认同意识。

    The Carolingian period amounts to230years from in the middle of the eighth century to at the end of the ninth century. Meanwhile a unique western Christian civilization has taken shape. The period is the early periods of western civilization development. Because of the boost of the so-called Carolingian renaissance, a large number and a wide variety of historiographies in the period is left over, such as annals, chronicles, biographies of emperors and kings, hagiographies and the histories of the various monasteries and episcopates, they are all indispensable basic documents on the study of the early periods of western civilization. However, so far the study of domestic academia on Carolingian historiography is very little, whether translation of the sources or source that is introduced detailedly in the history of western historiography textbook, Einhard’s Vita Karoli Magni is only a source. In order to consolidate the study foundation of the early periods of western civilization, it is imperative to study achievements of historiography in the Carolingian period. By means of the study, I will achieve the following objectives:clarify basically the origins and evolutions of various Carolingian historiography genres, survey of important historians and their works, study detailedly the history causes of historiography relative prosperity in the Carolingian period, historic features of achievements of historiography in the Carolingian period and historical position of achievements of historiography in the Carolingian period in the development chain of western historiography. This study includes4parts:western Christian historiography in the pre-Carolingian period, the cause of Carolingian historiography rose up, various genres of Carolingian historiography, features of Carolingian historiography.This first chapter mainly discussed the development history of the western Christian historiography in the pre-Carolingian period. Since the third century, with the slavery crisis of Rome Empire, once glorious classical culture gradually declined, and classical historiography lost its past glory as the other branch of classical culture. With the collapsed of the imperial regime, the Christian church once suppressed that developed greatly. The loss of the secular authority is the gain of the religious authority. It makes men’s soul experience a revolution on the divinity instead of humanity. By the revolution God walked into the historiography, Christian historiography replaced previous classical historiography, Eusebius, St Augustine and Orosius became forerunners of the Christian historiography in the later Roman Empire. After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, western historiography further declined on the basis of early Christian historiography because of fighting and Germans’cultural backwardness, they just entered civilized area. The historiography situation of the Visigoths, the Ostrogothics, the Anglo-Saxons, the Merovingian Franks were all so bad:the number of historiography was small and inferior in quality, national history, chronicle and hagiography made great strides.The second chapter mainly discussed the cause of Carolingian historiography rose up, this rise was mainly reflected in the number of historiography was far more than the several dark centuries after the collapse of Western Roman Empire. In the Carolingian period, historiography creativity was superior to that of the several dark centuries after Western Roman Empire because of Charlemagne initiated a series of measures to revive classical culture, making more persons possessed literacy that was tool of preserve history memory. The parchment was used by Franks as main writing materials. It played important role in conserving history memory in the Carolingian period. The large numbers of Franks’ historiography achievements in the Carolingian Renaissance-original historiography and the previous historiography was copied-could hand down to the present as non-perishable of the parchment.The third chapter mainly discussed several historiography genres in the Carolingian period, including chronicles, annals, biographies of emperors and kings, biographies of religionist, political travelogue and history of political theory. The chronicles were founded by Africanus who was a early Christian historian. This genre had been popular in the middle ages because its form reflected Christian linear concept of time. The Carolingian historians inherited original paradigm of the genre and made some improvements in order to meet the requirements of new era. The annals were spread from Anglo-Saxon to Frank. It experienced a change from succinct minor annals that were written by monasteries to full major annals that were written by palace during several hundred years. The biographies of emperors and kings were old genres, but it gradually declined after the starting of Christian historiography. However, it rose up again in the Carolingian because the time needed heroes. In the context of the Civil Government and Church cooperated frequently and Church was growing steadily, the biographies of religionist were still active, including old hagiography and new genre called the deeds of bishops or the deeds of abbots that modeled Roman Liber Episcopalis. There were sharp political activities and military struggle in the Carolingian, so political travelogue and history of political theory appeared again. They recorded contemporary history and left a series of political theories that educated emperors and princes and described the relations between imperial rights and religious rights.The fourth chapter mainly discussed the features of the Carolingian historiography, including classical style appeared vaguely again, inheritance and development of the Christian historiography tradition, plural historiography condition, historiography content of political tendency, identity sense of both new and old. The historiography activity was a cultural activity that was created by special social and political conditions. It was bound to show different morphological characters because of the role of different social and political conditions. In the Carolingian period, we can see vaguely that classical historiography’s style from the Carolingian historiography documents because that Carolingian renaissance changed in part cultural conditions of the western European world just like desert in the early middle ages. This was because that the Carolingian historians imitated crudely classical historiography. The Carolingian period was also a critical period of the history of Christian culture in the Western Europe. The Christian historiography tradition that was founded by Eusebius was inherited and developed in the period, for example, general application of AD, inheritance and development of linear view of history. The traditional opinions of the domestic academic circle claim that historiography activity was controlled by church in the west Europe during the middle ages and historiography activity was a private activity in the west Europe during the middle ages. In fact, there were several historiography orbits in the Carolingian period, including royal historiography, private historiography, monastery historiography, episcopate historiography. The whole historiography business was a plural condition. The traditional opinions of the domestic academic circle claim that medieval west historiography is only a tool for religion service, and it doesn’t depend on the secular power. In fact, the opinion doesn’t conform to the actual situation. As ancient Chinese official historiography, there is also an interactive relationship that includes dependence and service between Carolingian historiography and Carolingian royal house, but the interactive relationship is not organizational, institutionalized systematic as the interactive relationship of the ancient Chinese official historiography. The Carolingian period was a critical period that the classical civilization split into the Western civilization, the Byzantine civilization, Islamic civilization. The Carolingian historiography documents appeared two different sense of identity because of the alteration of new civilization and old civilization. A new sense of identity was "Europe". An old sense of identity was "Rome"

加洛林时代史学成就探微

摘要4-6Abstract6-8引言11-28第一章 前加洛林时代的西方基督教史学28-47    第一节 古典史学的没落和基督教史学的兴起28-36    第二节 西欧诸蛮族王国的史学状况36-47第二章 加洛林史学崛起的原因47-64    第一节 “加洛林文艺复兴”的推动47-54    第二节 皮纸保存历史记忆的功效54-64第三章 加洛林史学的各种体例64-110    第一节 世界编年史的延续和创新64-77    第二节 年代记的兴起和嬗变77-85    第三节 帝王传记的重现85-94    第四节 宗教人物传记的盛行94-102    第五节 政治见闻录和政治学说史的出现102-110第四章 加洛林史学的特点110-151    第一节 古典气息的隐约复现110-119    第二节 基督教史学传统的继承和发展119-126    第三节 多轨并驰的修史格局126-134    第四节 倾向性的史书内容134-143    第五节 新旧兼具的认同意识143-151结论151-155参考文献155-163后记163-165在学期间公开发表论文及著作情况165

  本文关键词：加洛林时代史学成就探微，由笔耕文化传播整理发布。