联合国三次海洋法会议与美国关于海洋法问题的政策（1958-1982）

发布时间：2018-04-15 07:46

本文选题：美国 + 海洋法问题的政策　；参考：《东北师范大学》2013年博士论文

【摘要】：联合国曾分别于1958、1960和1973-1982年召开了三次海洋法会议，旨在编纂国际海洋法，确定海洋各海域的法律地位，调整各国从事各种海洋活动的关系。作为当时最强大的海洋大国，美国推动和参加了联合国三次海洋法会议。本文利用美国政府文件，并借鉴相关的研究成果，追踪1958-1982年美国关于海洋法问题的政策与谈判策略的发展脉络和演变历程，考察美国关于海洋法问题的政策的决策机制，探究美国海洋法利益，探讨和分析美国拒绝签署和批准1982年《联合国海洋法公约》与1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日联合国海洋法公约第11部分的协定》的原因、得失与影响，揭示联合国海洋法会议对美国关于海洋法问题的政策的影响，以及作为双向互动的结果，美国关于海洋法问题的政策与谈判策略又在何种程度上以何种方式影响了会议的进程。本文内容一共包括引言、五章正文和结语七个部分，主要内容如下：引言部分首先追溯了国际海洋法的历史发展，随后对国内外学界关于海洋法问题的研究成果进行归纳和总结。在此基础上，阐述本文的理论与现实意义、研究思路与方法、研究的创新与不足。最后阐明本文使用频率很高的一些法律概念，并阐释本文的题目。第一章考察了战后初期和第一、二次联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策。《杜鲁门公告》和大陆架立场是战后初期美国关于海洋法问题的政策的主要内容。3海里和6海里领海宽度与9海里或6海里附有不同历史捕鱼权利的毗连渔区是美国在第一、第二次联合国海洋法会议上的主要政策。《杜鲁门公告》的出台凸显了美国决策的不周，领海宽度和毗连渔区政策反映了美国以国家安全利益为先的理念。第二章考察了1960-1973年美国关于海洋法问题的政策。肯尼迪—约翰逊政府拒绝谈判多边协定，在应对马耳他提案过程中形成了初步的海底立场，并在与苏联举行的海洋法谈判中制定了12海里领海、自由通过和飞越国际海峡以及承认沿海国享有12海里领海之外的优惠渔权三项政策。尼克松政府时期确定了大陆架和海底政策、继承了约翰逊政府的领海和国际海峡政策，修改了渔业政策，出台了海洋环境和海洋科学研究政策。在第三次联合国海洋法会议筹备会议上，除了12海里领海之外，美国的其他海洋法问题政策均未获得多数支持。在谈判过程中，美国日益倾向支持200海里专属资源区，这是美国国内利益集团影响和国际压力双重作用的结果。第三章考察了1973-1976年第三次联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策以及政策的谈判情况。1975年，美国实现了领海和国际海峡方面的谈判目标，到了1976年美国基本上实现了渔业和海洋环境方面的谈判目标，大陆边缘外部界限的谈判趋势符合美国的立场，而海洋科学研究谈判则制定了同意制度条款，美国的海洋科学研究政策未能取得突破。这一时期，美国关于海洋法问题的政策出现了重大调整，一是同意200海里专属经济区，一是针对深海底采矿作出巨大让步，只是美国的让步收效甚微，深海底采矿谈判陷入僵局。深海底采矿让步反映了海洋法谈判对美国深海底采矿政策的影响，亦反映了美国对早日达成海洋法条约的渴望。第四章考察了1977-1980年联合国海洋法会议期间美国关于海洋法问题的政策。1977年海洋法会议产生了美国不接受的非正式综合谈判案文，，促使美国政府调整谈判策略：对外寻求海洋法条约替代选择，对内支持国会进行深海底采矿立法。谈判程序改进后，美国重返“妥协”立场，继续参加海洋法谈判，谋求修改非正式谈判案文，并继续作出了一些深海底采矿让步，进而促成了为美国接受的1980年《联合国海洋法公约》草案。第五章考察了1981-1982年最后两期联合国海洋法会议美国关于海洋法问题的政策，概述了1982-1994年美国关于海洋法问题的政策，阐述了美国拒绝签署和批准1982年《联合国海洋法公约》与1994年《关于执行1982年12月10日联合国海洋法公约第11部分》的原因、得失与影响。结语部分对美国关于海洋法问题的政策的特点进行了总结和分析，并对美国关于海洋问题的政策进行了思考。
[Abstract]:The United Nations has respectively in 19581960 and 1973-1982 years held the three Conference on the law of the sea, aimed at the codification of international law of the sea, the waters of the ocean to determine the legal status, adjust the relationship between the countries engaged in a variety of marine activities. As the most powerful maritime country, the United States to promote and participated in United Nations Conference on the law of the sea. Three the United States the government documents, and drawing on the research, development and evolution of track 1958-1982 years in the United States on the issues of the law and policy negotiation strategy, study the decision-making mechanism of American policy on the issues of the law, explore the law of the sea interests, to explore and analyze the causes of the United States refused to sign and ratify the UN law of the sea "in 1982 the Convention on the implementation of the December 10, 1982" and 1994 "United Nations Convention on the law of the eleventh part of the agreement", the success and influence, reveal the law of the Sea Convention of beauty The influence of China's policy on the issue of the law of the sea, as well as the result of two-way interaction, to what extent does the US's policy and negotiation strategy on the law of the sea affect the process of the conference?
The content of this article includes the introduction, the five chapters and the conclusion of seven parts, the main contents are as follows:
The introduction part first traces the history of the development of the international law of the sea, and then to the domestic and foreign research on the law of the sea and summarized. On this basis, this paper expounds the theoretical and practical significance, research ideas and methods, innovation and shortcomings of the research. Finally, this paper expounds some legal concept of very high frequency of use in this paper, and explain the problem.
The first chapter reviews the conference on the law of the sea and the early postwar period the first, Second United Nations Conference on the law of the sea during the American policy. Truman notice > and the continental shelf position is the main content of the early post-war U.S. policy on the issues of the law of the sea of.3 and 6 mile width and 9 miles or 6 nautical miles with adjacent fishing in different historical fishing rights the United States is in the first, the main policy of the second United Nations Conference on the law of the sea. Truman on the introduction of the highlights of the U.S. announcement > decision not, the breadth of the territorial sea and the contiguous areas of policy reflects the national security interests for the first concept.
The second chapter reviews the 1960-1973 years in the United States on the issues of the law policy. The Kennedy Johnson government refused to negotiate a multilateral agreement, in response to the Malta proposal during the formation of the initial submarine position, and developed a 12 mile sea in negotiations with the Soviet Union held, and over the international freedom through the Strait and the coastal States enjoy 12 miles outside of that sea fishing rights three preferential policy. The Nixon Administration determined the continental shelf and sea policy, the Johnson administration inherited the territorial waters and international Straits policy, modify the fisheries policy, introduced the marine environment and marine scientific research policy. In the preparatory meeting for the third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea, in addition to the 12 mile territorial sea. Other policy issues of the law of the sea of the United States are not majority support. In the process of negotiations, the United States increasingly inclined to support the 200 mile exclusive resource area, the It is the result of the impact of American domestic interest groups and the dual role of international pressure.
The third chapter examines the Third United Nations Conference on the law of the sea during the 1973-1976 years of U.S. policy on the issues of the law and policy negotiation in.1975, the United States implemented the territorial sea and international Straits in the negotiations, in 1976 the United States basically realized the fisheries and marine environmental aspects of the negotiations, the negotiations of the outer edge of the continental margin with the position of the United States, and the negotiation of marine scientific research made a breakthrough in terms of consent system, policy of marine scientific research failed to the United States. During this period, the United States on the issues of the law policy has greatly changed, one is to 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone is a large concessions for deep seabed mining. Only the United States concessions have little effect, deep seabed mining negotiations stalled. Deep seabed mining concession reflects the negotiations on the United States Marine Policy of deep seabed mining method The impact also reflects the desire of the United States to reach an early Treaty on the law of the sea.
The fourth chapter examines the United Nations Conference on the law of the sea during the 1977-1980 years of U.S. policy on the issues of the law.1977 Annual Conference on the law of the sea the United States does not accept the informal composite negotiating text, prompted the government to adjust strategy: to seek alternatives to the Convention on the law of the sea, in support of Congress for deep seabed mining legislation. The negotiation process improved the United States, to return to the "compromise" position, continue to participate in the negotiations seeking to amend the law of the sea, the informal negotiating text, and continue to make some deep seabed mining concessions, which contributed to the draft Convention "in 1980" United Nations Convention on the law of the United States to accept.
The fifth chapter examines the U.S. policy on the law of the sea, the last two United Nations Conference on the law of the sea for 1981-1982 years, the 1982-1994 years in the United States on the issues of the law policy, expounds the reasons for the United States refused to sign and ratify the execution of the December 10, 1982 United Nations Convention on the law of the sea eleventh 1982 > < the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea "and in 1994 <, pros and cons.
The concluding part summarizes and analyzes the characteristics of the United States policy on the law of the law of the sea, and thinks about the policy of the United States on marine issues.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D993.5;K712.54

【参考文献】