中世纪晚期英国农民生活消费研究

发布时间：2018-04-21 10:56

本文选题：中世纪晚期 + 英国农民　；参考：《天津师范大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 中世纪晚期是英国近代化的孕育和启动时期。农民作为传统社会的主体,生产力的主要创造者,其生活消费水平在基本层面上体现着英国社会经济发展的水平,物质和精神文明的程度。本文旨在对中世纪晚期英国农民的衣、食、住、行、娱乐及其变迁,以及它们与社会发展的关系进行考察,以便从一个角度深入地认识英国社会转型的动因和历史轨迹。消费是人类重要的社会实践活动,在社会发展过程中受到诸多社会因素的深刻影响。中世纪晚期英国农业生产力水平的提高,社会传统习惯和法律机制对农民个体权利的保障,使农民实现了个人财富的普遍积累。这一时期英国社会的发展为农民生活消费提供了基础和导向。中世纪晚期英国农民的饮食结构正在由以碳水化合物为主的传统结构向以动物蛋白质和碳水化合物相结合的新的结构转变。而且农民的食物种类不断丰富,营养状况逐渐改善。饮食作为维持人类生存和再生产的必要条件,是人们日常生活水准的重要指标,又是社会进步与经济发展的重要表现。由于农民个体物质财富增长,乡村中多数农民住宅普遍进行了改造和重建。他们变革了居住形式,改善了住房结构,提高了房屋质量,使居住状况在“乡村重建”中得到了全面改观。与此同时,中世纪晚期英国农民的衣着逐渐发生着变化,服装不再仅仅为了遮体御寒,以前的色彩单调、式样宽大、质地粗糙、缺少装饰品的廉价服装正渐渐地被舒适美观、简洁得体的新式服装所代替。反映了农民对自我意识和自我价值的肯定与追求。这一时期农民的娱乐节庆活动是生活消费水准的另一个重要表现。英国农民在劳作之余,娱乐活动比较丰富。每逢婚丧嫁娶、岁时节令、宗教节日,农民举行各种活动,进行欢庆。各种娱乐活动为农民极为枯燥的生活平添了几分乐趣,也为农村发展注入了活力。中世纪晚期英国的道路、桥梁和码头等交通设施的状况得到改善,特别是乡村道路的变化,为农民社会活动范围的扩大提供了便利;农民追求政治自由的斗争更加活跃,外出谋生、从事商品贸易的活动越来越频繁,促进了农民生活水平的提高。随着农民经济独立性的增强,眼界的开阔,他们社会交往的形式和内容得到拓展。中世纪晚期,英国农民生活消费水平不断提高的征迹清晰可见。生活消费是社会总生产过程和再生产过程中不可或缺的重要的内在要素和环节,农民作为最基本的消费群众,其消费需求的不断扩大是社会生产发展的内在动力;其消费水平的提高也使自身素质获得全面提升。显然,农民生活消费水平是物质再生产和劳动力再生产的重要指标,是社会发展与变迁的重要标志。
[Abstract]:The late medieval period was the incubation and starting period of the British modernization. As the main body of the traditional society and the main creator of the productive forces, the living consumption level reflected the level of social and economic development and the level of material and spiritual civilization on the basic level. This article aims at the clothing, food, living, entertainment and entertainment of the late medieval British peasants. Music and its changes, as well as their relationship with social development, are investigated in order to understand the causes and historical trajectories of British social transformation from a perspective.
Consumption is an important social practice activity of human being. It has been deeply influenced by many social factors in the process of social development. In the late Middle Ages, the improvement of agricultural productivity level in the late Middle Ages, the protection of the individual rights of the peasants by the traditional and legal mechanisms of the society, and the realization of the general accumulation of individual wealth. The exhibition provides the basis and guidance for the living and consumption of farmers.
In the late Middle Ages, the dietary structure of British farmers was changing from a traditional structure based on carbohydrates to a new structure combining animal protein and carbohydrates. And the variety of food and the nutritional status of the farmers improved. As a necessary condition for maintaining the survival and reproduction of human beings, it was a daily routine. An important indicator of living standards is also an important manifestation of social progress and economic development.
Because of the growth of the individual material wealth of the peasants, most of the farmers' houses in the countryside have been rebuilt and rebuilt. They have changed the form of residence, improved the housing structure, improved the quality of the house, and made a comprehensive improvement in the housing situation in the "rural reconstruction". At the same time, the clothes of the British farmers in the late middle century were changing gradually. The clothing is no longer just to cover the cold, the former color is monotonous, the style is broad, the texture is rough, the cheap costumes lack ornaments are gradually replaced by the comfortable and beautiful, elegant new style clothing. It reflects the farmers' affirmation and pursuit of self consciousness and self value. In this period, the entertainment festival of farmers is the life consumption. The other important performance of the standard is that the British farmers have more entertainment in their spare time. When they marry and marry, the age season, the religious festival, the farmers hold various activities and celebrate. All kinds of recreational activities have added a little fun to the very boring life of the peasants, and also inject vitality into the development of the countryside.
In the late medieval England, the conditions of traffic facilities such as roads, bridges and wharfs were improved, especially the changes in rural roads, which provided convenience for the expansion of the scope of the social activities of the peasants; the peasants' struggle for political freedom was more active, went out to earn a living, and engaged in trade in commodities more and more frequently and promoted the living standards of farmers. With the enhancement of farmers' economic independence and the broadened horizon, their forms and contents of social interaction have been expanded.
In the late Middle Ages, the gradual improvement of the living consumption level of the British farmers is clearly visible. Living consumption is an indispensable and essential element and link in the process of social production and the process of reproduction. As the most basic consumer, the continuous expansion of the consumption demand is the internal motive force of the development of social production; and the consumption water of the peasant is the inner motive force of the development of social production. It is clear that the level of living and consumption of farmers is an important indicator of material reproduction and labor reproduction, and an important symbol of social development and change.

【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K561

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