杰克逊时期美国的市场革命及其社会反应

发布时间：2018-04-25 07:22

本文选题：杰克逊时期 + 市场革命　；参考：《首都师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 19世纪早期，尤其是杰克逊时期(1815-1846)，美国社会发生了巨大变化，被学者们称作“市场革命”。这场市场革命首先意味着经济变革，其次也对美国社会、政治、思想等产生了重大意义。笔者试图通过以下三章内容，对杰克逊时期美国的市场革命及其社会反应作一些研究和探讨。第一章主要论述杰克逊时期美国的市场革命。早在20世纪60年代查尔斯·塞勒斯就提出了市场革命这一概念。随后其他学者也开始围绕这一概念来展开不同的研究。而在1991年，塞勒斯则运用这一概念完成了他对美国19世纪早期史的综合性研究，出版了《市场革命：杰克逊时期的美国(1815-1846)》。正是由于这本书的出版，美国又掀起了对19世纪早期史的研究热潮。对于这一概念，许多学者仍存有质疑，例如它的起始时间及其简单的二元对立性等，但都承认它是目前杰克逊史研究中最好的宏观解释框架。1815年开始，美国社会中自给自足的农业生产生活模式逐渐瓦解，而早已存在的市场化倾向则在各种有利因素的推动下，突破种种困难，发展成为一场市场革命。借助于日益改善的交通网，这场市场革命逐步向全国推进。第二章主要论述市场革命下美国各地区的新变化。东北部地区由于已经有了一定的商业发展基础，所以市场革命在这个地区发展得最快，东北部呈现出生机勃勃的发展面貌。一方面，东北部的商业资本首先转入纺织业和制造业，开始了美国的工业革命；另一方面，东北部农村地区传统的家庭手工业开始解体。通过特殊的“户外加工体制”，东北部农村地区逐渐被纳入市场革命中。与东北部相比，这时的西部(主要指老西北部)则相对落后，市场革命的发展相对缓慢。但是随着大量移民的到来，这里逐渐得到开发。特别是随着交通的改善，西部经济逐渐兴起，开始纳入全国市场。市场革命在南部的发展则呈现出与众不同的特点。在市场的导向作用下，1815年以后南部发展成为美国的“棉花王国”，棉花种植园主围绕市场来进行生产。但是占南部人口多数的小农，由于考虑自身经济生产的安全，所受市场革命影响很小，依然从事自给自足性的生产。第三章主要探讨了美国社会对市场革命的反应。随着市场革命的展开和深入，美国社会各个领域出现了形形色色的冲突和斗争。如何应对这一陌生的社会环境，美国人开始了各种各样的改革和试验，最终从政治、社会和思想各个方面开始了与市场革命相融合的过程。各派力量为了自己的利益，展开政治斗争，促使美国开始了深刻的政治转型过程。市场革命开始前后的美国政治，主要是由杰斐逊共和党所控制的。但是杰斐逊共和党组成成分不一，不仅包括小农和老共和党人，还包括商业派。商业派的利益在市场革命中得到了发展。然而，由于1819年危机所造成的经济困难及1824年总统选举中的“肮脏交易”，越来越多的人开始抛弃共和党阵营，而转向另一位政治人物安德鲁·杰克逊身边。围绕着杰克逊，一个新的民主党成立。在杰克逊统治下，在市场革命中受益的商业派的利益受损，而小农、技工等小生产者的利益得到了保护。在反对杰克逊党人的过程中，另一个新的全国性政党辉格党成立。由此开始了美国新型的大众民主政党政治。在市场革命发展的同时，兴起了第二次大觉醒运动。在第二次大觉醒运动中，，各个教派都力图扩张。但只有那些适应市场并调整教义及传道形式的教派，才能够在自由的宗教“市场”竞争获得发展壮大。卫理公会的发展就是一个突出的例子。第二次大觉醒运动打破了对传统权威的顺从模式，激起了大众的参与意识，正好缓和了人们适应市场革命的过程。市场革命带来了各种社会弊病，大批的改革者尝试各种各样的方式去完善这个新社会。美国由此开始了一个改革的年代。城市道德、酗酒、奴隶制、医疗改革等都成了人们关注的目标。通过社会改革，人们逐渐学会适应这个已经变化了的社会。
[Abstract]:In the early nineteenth Century, especially in the period of Jackson (1815-1846), great changes have taken place in American society, which have been called "market revolution" by scholars. This market revolution first means economic change, and then it also has great significance to American society, politics and thought. The author tries to pass the following three chapters to the city of the United States in the period of the Jackson period. The field revolution and its social reactions are studied and discussed.
The first chapter mainly deals with the American market revolution in the Jackson period. As early as in 1960s, Charles Cyrus put forward the concept of market revolution. Then other scholars began to carry out different studies around this concept. In 1991, Sellers used this concept to complete his comprehensive history of the United States in the early nineteenth Century. The publication of the market revolution: the market revolution: the United States of the Jackson period (1815-1846). It is the publication of this book that the United States has set off an upsurge of research on the history of the early nineteenth Century. Many scholars still have doubts about this concept, such as its starting time and its simple two yuan antagonism, but all admit that it is the present history of Jackson. The best macro interpretation framework in the study began in.1815, and the self-sufficient agricultural production and living mode in American society gradually disintegrated, and the existing tendency of marketization, driven by various favorable factors, broke through various difficulties and developed into a market revolution. With the help of the increasingly improved traffic network, the market revolution gradually turned to the market revolution. The whole country is pushing forward.
The second chapter mainly discusses the new changes in various regions of the United States under the market revolution. Since the northeast region has already had a certain commercial development basis, the market revolution has developed fastest in this area, and the northeastern part of the north-east presents a vibrant appearance of birth. On the one hand, the commercial capital of the northeast is first transferred into the textile industry and the manufacturing industry. On the other hand, the traditional family handicraft industry in the northeast rural areas began to disintegrate. Through the special "outdoor processing system", the northeast rural areas were gradually incorporated into the market revolution. Compared with the northeast, the western region (mainly the Old Northwest) was relatively backward, but the development of the market revolution was relatively slow. With the arrival of a large number of immigrants, it was gradually developed. In particular, with the improvement of traffic, the western economy began to rise and began to be incorporated into the national market. The development of the market revolution in the South showed a distinctive feature. Under the guidance of the market, the South developed into the "cotton kingdom" of the United States, cotton seed after 1815. The farmers, who make up the majority of the southern population, are still engaged in self-sufficiency because of the small impact of the market revolution, considering the safety of their own economic production.
The third chapter mainly discusses the reaction of American society to the market revolution. With the expansion and deepening of the market revolution, various conflicts and struggles in various fields of American society. How to cope with this strange social environment, the Americans have begun various reforms and experiments, and finally from the political, social and ideological aspects. The process of merging with the market revolution began. The forces of each faction launched a political struggle for the sake of their own interests, prompting a profound political transition in the United States. The American politics before and after the beginning of the market revolution were dominated by the Republican Party of Jefferson. But the composition of Jefferson Republicans was different, not only the small farmers and the Old Republic. The party, including the business group, has developed in the market revolution. However, because of the economic difficulties caused by the 1819 crisis and the "dirty trade" in the presidential election in 1824, more and more people began to abandon the Republican camp and turn to another politician, Andrew Jackson. A new democratic party was established. Under Jackson, the interests of the business groups benefiting in the market revolution were damaged, and the interests of small farmers, mechanic and other small producers were protected. In the course of opposition to the Jackson party, another new national party Whigs was established. At the same time, the market revolution has developed second Great Awakening movements. In the second Great Awakening movement, every sectarian tries to expand. But only those sects who adapt to the market and adjust the teaching and preaching can develop and grow stronger in the free religious "market" competition. The development of the Methodist guild is a prominent example. The second Great Awakening Movement broke the mode of obedience to the traditional authority, aroused the public participation consciousness, just moderated the process of adapting to the market revolution. The market revolution brought various social maladies, and a large number of reformers tried various ways to improve the new society. Generation. Urban ethics, alcoholism, slavery, and medical reform have all been the focus of attention. Through social reform, people gradually learn to adapt to the changing society.

【学位授予单位】：首都师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.42

【参考文献】