1970年中东恐怖活动对尼克松政府“缓和”政策的挑战

发布时间：2018-04-29 05:26

本文选题：恐怖活动 + 对外政策　；参考：《山东师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：20世纪70年代是国际局势风云变幻的时代。美苏两极依然是国际政治秩序的主宰。但是，由于美国受到经济危机、越南战争的拖累，以及西欧和日本的兴起，使得自身在资本主义世界的霸主地位遭受冲击。同时，苏联的进攻态势也使得美国不得不在两极争霸中采取守势。 1970年又是国际化深入发展的一年。经济全球化，带动了人力、资本等各要素的全球性流动，也使得国际化组织借机兴起。中东地区的固有激进势力迅速成长为国际性的恐怖组织，并连续发动恐怖袭击，对美国维持中东地区的稳定的设计造成严重损害。解放巴勒斯坦人民阵线（PFLP）发动的“劳工节劫机事件”和巴勒斯坦解放组织（PLO）在约旦发动的“黑九月事件”，严重危害了美国在这一地区的利益，也使得美国的“缓和”政策陷入困境。但是固守传统的国与国外交模式的美国政府，却对恐怖势力的兴起措手不及，无法采取直接有效地手段进行处理，原先推行的“缓和”政策也备受挑战。这也更加突出的表明，在国际舞台上，国际组织的影响日趋明显，值得民族国家关注和重视。本文首先为导论，第一章为概念界定，，主要讲述词典、各国官方及学者关于“恐怖主义”的各种界定，深入探析恐怖主义的各种特性，并在此基础上总结出恐怖主义的基本概念，为本文写作奠定基础。长久以来，世界各国政府、专家学者对恐怖主义都没有一个通用的定义，如何界定恐怖主义不仅是一个理论问题，也对我们防范及打击恐怖主义有着积极地现实意义。通过解析各种定义，牢牢把握住恐怖主义的本质特征，我们将恐怖主义定义为：恐怖主义是指为了制造公众慌乱、威胁政府当局或者国际组织，而采取暴力手段、破坏行动、恐吓行为或者各种其他方式，意欲造成或造成非战斗人员（尤其是平民）人员伤亡、重大财产损失、公共设施损坏、社会秩序混乱等严重社会危害的行为。第二章主要讲述中东恐怖主义兴起的原因并简单陈述解放巴勒斯坦人民阵线和巴勒斯坦解放组织的主要情况，并探讨尼克松政府关于“缓和”政策的出台背景及相关内容。恐怖主义在中东的兴起，既有宗教因素，也与中东地区特殊的地区因素、经济因素息息相关，同时，美国在中东地区推行的偏袒以色列的政策也加剧了恐怖主义的滋生和成长。第三章阐述两起恐怖事件——“劳工节劫机事件”和“黑九月事件”对尼克松政府的“缓和”政策的具体冲击。在两起恐怖事件发生后，美国政府没有意识到恐怖组织的国际化特性，反而固守传统的国与国的外交模式，导致美国在应对恐怖活动时的力不从心。第四章提出本人对当前国家对外政策及积极反恐的几点思考。一方面，应重视国际组织在国际体系中愈加重要的作用，加强外交政策的明晰化和灵活化；另一方面，也应积极推行反恐措施，积极保障我国地区安宁和对外政策的顺利实施，以最大程度的保证国家利益。
[Abstract]:The 1970s is an era of international situation. The United States and the Soviet Union are still the master of the international political order. However, because of the economic crisis, the drag of the Vietnam War and the rise of Western Europe and Japan, the United States has suffered its hegemony in the capitalist world. Meanwhile, the offensive posture of the Soviet Union has also made the United States We have to take the defensive in the two poles of hegemony.
1970 is another year of international development. Economic globalization has led to the global flow of human and capital elements and the rise of international organizations. The radical forces in the Middle East rapidly grew into an international terrorist organization and launched a terrorist attack continuously, designed to maintain stability in the Middle East in the United States. The "Labor Day hijacking incident" launched by the PFLP and the "black September incident" launched by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Jordan seriously harmed the interests of the United States in the region and made the "easing" policy in the United States into trouble. But the traditional mode of national and foreign exchange was firmly adhered to. The United States government, however, is unprepared for the rise of terrorist forces and can not take direct and effective means to deal with it. The original "ease" policy has also been challenged. It is also more prominent that the influence of international organizations is becoming more and more obvious on the international stage, and it deserves the attention and attention of the people of the nation.
The first chapter is the introduction. The first chapter is the definition of the concept, mainly about the dictionary, the official and the scholars of various countries on the definition of "terrorism", in-depth analysis of the various characteristics of terrorism, and on this basis, summed up the basic concept of terrorism, laying the foundation for this writing. For a long time, the governments of the world, experts and scholars Terrorism does not have a general definition. How to define terrorism is not only a theoretical problem, but also a positive and realistic significance to us to prevent and combat terrorism. By analyzing various definitions, we firmly hold the essential characteristics of terrorism, and we define terrorism as the purpose of making the public in order to make the public. Panic, threats to government authorities or international organizations, and the act of violent means, destruction of actions, acts of intimidation or any other means, intended to cause or cause casualties, loss of major property, damage of public facilities, confusion of social order, and other serious social hazards.
The second chapter mainly narrates the causes of the rise of the Middle East terrorism and briefly states the main situation of the liberation of Palestine and the Palestine Liberation Organization, and discusses the background and relevant contents of the Nixon administration on the "ease" policy. The rise of terrorism in the Middle East is not only religious, but also special in the Middle East. Regional factors are closely related to economic factors. Meanwhile, the United States' policy of favouring Israel in the Middle East has intensified the breeding and growth of terrorism.
The third chapter expounds the specific impact of the two terrorist incidents - "the hijacking of Labor Day" and "the event of the black September" on the "Relaxation" policy of the Nixon administration. After the two terrorist incidents, the United States government did not realize the international characteristics of the terrorist organization, but firmly adhered to the diplomatic mode of the national and state, leading to the United States In the fourth chapter, I put forward some thoughts on the current national foreign policy and active counter-terrorism. On the one hand, we should pay more attention to the more important role of international organizations in the international system, strengthen the clarity and flexibility of foreign policy; on the other hand, we should actively carry out counter-terrorism measures and actively guarantee the region of our country. The smooth implementation of tranquility and foreign policy ensures national interests to the greatest extent.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K153

【参考文献】