纳粹德国的农业政策研究

发布时间：2018-05-02 01:46

本文选题：纳粹德国 + 农业政策　；参考：《华东师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：纳粹德国的农业政策因其特征鲜明一直是个令人关注、颇受争议的问题。它带有明显的再农业化倾向,与工业化进程相抵牾,它是出于纳粹领袖真正的意识形态理念,还是出于笼络农民的政治需要?其政策实施究竟能够取得多大的成效? 纳粹党在选举中赢得了农民的支持,上台后更要维护农民的利益,提高农民的地位以巩固自己的统治；一战中德国饥荒的阴影一直笼罩着人们的心头,保障粮食自给自足自然也成了纳粹政府农业政策的基石。国家元首和国家利益同时选择了农业部长达雷。纳粹政府的农业部长达雷提出“血与土”的意识形态理念。在这一意识形态理念中,“农民”这一身份不仅仅是一种职业,更是德意志民族区别于游牧民族的本质所在。农民的生产保证了德国的粮食供应,保存了德意志民族的血脉,保护着德意志的土地家园,德意志民族的血源与土地紧密相连。据此理念,纳粹政府制定了一系列维护德意志农民利益、保护德国农业生产的富有特点的政策,其中主要体现在四个方面：首先,纳粹政府成立了“德国粮食总会”(Reichsnahrstand),达雷出任“德国农民领袖”。该组织不仅横跨乡村农林牧渔各生产部门,而且将从事农业产品加工和销售的行业部门也囊括其中,其成员占据了德国六分之一的人口。它表面上顺应了农业领域长期以来行业自治的要求,但实际上则是纳粹政府操控粮食生产的半官方的机构。其次,纳粹政府出台了《国家世袭农庄法》(Reichserbhofgesetze),规定德国7.5公顷到125公顷的农场可以登记成为“世袭农庄”,其土地不得出售、抵押、拍卖和分割继承,世袭农庄的所有者称为“世袭农”。在债务减免上,“世袭农”获得了更为优厚的政策资金支持,而且不会因为债务问题而使得土地被强制拍卖。再次,纳粹政府进一步颁布了《塑造新德意志农民法》,大张旗鼓地推进农民的垦殖(Bauernsiedlung)活动,鼓励德意志人购买和开发土地,从事农业生产,也为无法获得土地继承的农民子女开辟新的出路。最后,纳粹政府在农业领域鼓吹实施“生产战役”(Erzeugungsschlacht),扩大种植面积,实施密集种植,悉心管理,合理分配资源,提高德国粮食的生产能力和供应水平,以求实现德国粮食生产的“自给自足’ 然而,纳粹政府在农业领域这一系列的政策设计并未能实现其预期的效果。德国粮食总会从成立伊始就成为了权力斗争的竞技场,不仅与其他行业或党政部门龃龉不断,而且内部也一直处于权力整合动荡之中,再加上机构官僚化、冗员靡费,大大削弱了其对农业生产的指挥能力。《国家世袭农庄法》不仅直接干预了农民对其土地继承的决定权,而且断绝了农民通过土地质押获得现金贷款的可能,因而并没有想象中那么受农民欢迎。在经济现实面前,该法律不断修改,执行尺度日益放宽,其浓厚的意识形态色彩也逐渐褪去。而纳粹德国时期的农民垦殖活动,由于世袭农庄和国防建设使很多土地退出了市场,推高了地价,反而受到了抑制,垦殖面积和人数还不如魏玛时期。至于“生产战役”方面,虽然在一定程度上提高了德国粮食生产的自给率,但是并未能从根本上解决德国农业生产的结构性矛盾,更是放大了对于饲料进口的需求,加剧了农业对国家外汇的争夺。战争爆发后,纳粹政府农业领域的机构和法令迅速过渡到了战时状态,对于农业生产和食品分配实施了全面的干预,强制上缴的执行力度越来越严格,食品配给的覆盖范围越来越广泛,再加上对被占领地区的掠夺,在相对较长的一段时间内保持了德国人民较为充足的粮食供应,直至战争发生根本性的转折。战争给德国农村带来了大规模的人口流动和资源整合,但并没有从根本上改变德国农村的社会结构状况,却严重削弱了德国农村的生产能力。纳粹主义对于农业的重视,是建立在其经济、民族、人口政策的种族主义意识形态之上,是以一种非理性的动机为基础的。贯彻这一理念的农业政策与德国农业发展现实的碰撞则构成了第三帝国农业一道独特的风景线。而事实也证明了,适应农业功能性的转变,实现农业生产的提升以及工农业的协调发展,是无法依赖于种族等级制的国家的。本文一共分为五章,以“意识形态——政策形成——政策执行——执行效果”为脉络。第一章分析了纳粹党“血与土”意识形态的内容与缘起；第二章主要讨论了纳粹党上台之前农业政策演变,叙述了纳粹党在农村地区扩张的过程,并介绍了纳粹党上台初期胡根贝格主导的农业政策；第三章论述了纳粹政府主要农业政策的形成及其主要内容：第四章分析了纳粹政府农业政策执行的客观效果；第五章叙述了二战期间纳粹政府农业政策的变化及其结果。
[Abstract]:The agricultural policy of Nazi Germany has been a controversial issue because of its distinctive characteristics. It has a clear tendency to be re agricultural and contradict with the process of industrialization. Is it out of the real ideological concept of the Nazi leaders or the political needs of the farmers? How much effect can the implementation of its policy achieve?
The Nazi Party won the support of the peasants in the election. After taking power, the Nazi Party must maintain the interests of the peasants and enhance the status of the peasants to consolidate their rule. The shadow of the famine in Germany in the first World War has been shrouded in the minds of the people, and the self-sufficiency of grain has become the cornerstone of the Nazi government's agricultural policy. Daley, the Minister of agriculture, was chosen.
Daley, the agricultural minister of the Nazi government, proposed the ideological concept of "blood and soil". In this ideology, the identity of "farmers" is not only a profession, but also the essence of the difference between the German people and the nomadic people. The production of the peasants ensures the food supply of Germany, the blood of the German nation, and the preservation of the blood of the German nation. Protecting the land of Germany, the blood source of the German nation is closely linked to the land.
According to this idea, the Nazi government has formulated a series of policies to protect the interests of the German farmers and protect the agricultural production of Germany, which are mainly embodied in four aspects:
First, the Nazi government established the Reichsnahrstand. Daley was the "German farmer's leader". The organization not only spanned the production departments of rural, forestry, husbandry and fish, but also included the industry department that engaged in the processing and selling of agricultural products. The team occupied 1/6 of the population in Germany. For a long time, the demand for industry autonomy in the field of agriculture, but in fact the semi official institutions manipulating grain production by the Nazi government. Secondly, the Nazi government introduced the national hereditary farm law (Reichserbhofgesetze), which stipulates that 7.5 hectare to 125 hectares of farms in Germany can be recorded as "hereditary farms", and their land shall not be sold and mortgaged. The owners of the hereditary farms are called "hereditary farmers". In debt relief, "hereditary farmers" have obtained more generous support for policy funds, and will not be forced to be forced to auction because of debt problems. The Bauernsiedlung activities encourage the Germans to buy and develop land, engage in agricultural production, and open a new way for the children of farmers who are unable to inherit land. Finally, the Nazi government advocates the implementation of the "production campaign" (Erzeugungsschlacht) in the field of agriculture, enlarging the planting area, carrying out intensive planting, careful management. Rationalising resources to raise the production capacity and supply level of German grain in order to achieve "self-sufficiency" in German grain production.
However, the Nazi government's series of policy designs in the field of agriculture failed to achieve its desired results. The German food association became a arena of power struggle from the beginning of its establishment, not only with other industries or party and government departments, but also in the turmoil of power integration, and bureaucratic and redundant personnel. The state hereditary farm law not only directly interfered with the farmers' right to decide on their land inheritance, but also cut off the possibility that farmers can obtain cash loans through land pledge, so it was not so popular with farmers in imagination. In the face of economic reality, the law is constantly revised and held in the face of economic reality. In the Nazi German period, the farming activities of the Nazi Germany, due to the hereditary farm and the national defense construction, made a lot of land withdraw from the market, pushed up the land price, but were restrained, the reclamation area and the number of people were not as good as the Weimar period. In a certain degree, the self-sufficiency rate of the German grain production has been improved, but it has not fundamentally solved the structural contradiction of the German agricultural production, and has magnified the demand for the import of feed and intensified the competition for the foreign exchange of the country.
After the outbreak of the war, the institutions and decrees of the Nazi government in the field of agriculture quickly moved to the state of war, carried out comprehensive intervention on agricultural production and food distribution, and the enforcement of compulsory overturn was becoming more and more strict, the coverage of food rationing was more and more extensive, and the plundering of the occupied areas, in a relatively long period of time. In the meantime, the more sufficient grain supply of the German people was maintained until the fundamental turning point in the war. The war brought large mass flow of population and integration of resources to the German countryside, but it did not fundamentally change the social structure of the German rural areas, but seriously weakened the productive capacity of the country's rural areas.
The importance of Nazism to agriculture is based on the racist ideology of its economy, nation and population policy. It is based on an irrational motive. The impact of the agricultural policy and the reality of the German agricultural development is a unique landscape of the third empire agriculture. To adapt to the transformation of agricultural function, to achieve the promotion of agricultural production and the coordinated development of industry and agriculture, it is impossible to rely on the country of racial hierarchy.
This article is divided into five chapters. The first chapter analyzes the content and origin of the Nazi party "blood and soil" ideology, and the second chapter mainly discusses the evolution of the agricultural policy before the Nazi Party came to power, and narrated the process of the expansion of the Nazi party in the rural areas. It also introduces the agricultural policy led by the Nazi party at the beginning of the stage, and the third chapter discusses the formation and main contents of the main agricultural policies of the Nazi Government: the fourth chapter analyses the objective effect of the implementation of the Nazi government agricultural policy, and the fifth chapter describes the changes and results of the agricultural policy of the Nazi government during the Second World War.

【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K516.44

【参考文献】