论美国对玻利维亚政策（1952-1964）

发布时间：2018-05-02 13:08

本文选题：美国 + 玻利维亚　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 玻利维亚位于南美大陆的腹地,因拉丁美洲独立战争著名领袖西蒙·玻利瓦尔的名字而得名,自1825年脱离西班牙统治取得国家独立以来,该国领土纷争不断,政权更迭频繁,经济发展落后,作为玻利维亚最重要的支柱产业锡矿资源长期处于美国的控制下,国家财政收入微乎其微,社会矛盾十分尖锐。1952年4月,“民族主义革命运动党”(本文中简称“民革运”)夺取政权,建立了玻利维亚历史上第一个资产阶级民族民主政权。对于冷战初期南美大陆出现的这一革命政权,美国政府对其表示了密切关注。经过慎重考虑,艾森豪威尔总统决定对“民革运”革命政权采取支持的态度。自1953年开始至肯尼迪总统时期,美国前后共对玻利维亚施行过三次大规模的经济援助计划,使得该国一跃成为在同一时期美国对世界各国中人均受援最多的国家。通过援助计划,玻利维亚的经济走上了健康发展的轨道,但与此同时,“民革运”内部分裂加剧,政治危机严重。1965年,约翰逊政府转变政策,通过暗中扶植军人政权的方式一举取代该政权,从而保证了冷战时期美国在南美地区的战略安全。目前,国内对该课题的研究还比较薄弱,本人在借鉴前人研究成果之上,以美国最新解密的档案为依据,就艾森豪威尔、肯尼迪、约翰逊三任总统对玻利维亚“民革运”革命政权的政策进行全面、客观的梳理与分析,从而揭示美国援助该政权的真实目的。本文由绪言、正文、结论组成,其中正文共分四部分。绪言主要介绍了国内外学术界对本课题的研究现状,并概述本文选题的学术价值和意义。第一部分,主要论述自1848年美玻关系建交至1952年玻利维亚革命发生前美国与玻利维亚的历史关系。笔者将此分为三个阶段,分别论述美国与玻利维亚外交关系的发展历程。随着美国国力的发展壮大,革命前的美波关系从冷淡走向合作,美国成为两国关系中的主导力量,从而奠定了双方“不平等”关系局面的形成。第二部分,具体论述1952年玻利维亚革命的发生与美国的反应。该部分具体分析了革命前玻利维亚的情况,“民革运”的兴起及构成,以及美国与“民革运”的历史渊源,在得到该政权会对锡矿国有化进行补偿的许诺之后,美国政府于1952年6月正式承认该政权。第三部分,具体论述“民革运”上台执政后所推行的民主改革以及美国政府所采取的政策。美国为了保障在南美内陆地区的战略利益,决定采取支持这一革命政权。艾森豪威尔总统先后施行了紧急援助计划与“国家经济稳定计划”,肯尼迪总统延续这一外交政策,对玻利维亚继续施行“大三角计划”。大量的援助发展了玻利维亚的经济,但是同时也瓦解了“民革运”政权,加速其走向灭亡的步伐。第四部分,具体论述“民革运”政权在革命后期面临的政治危机与美国的应对政策。60年代中期,世界冷战格局发生严重变化,加之此时的玻利维亚政局动荡不堪,为了防止拉美地区出现“第二个古巴”,约翰逊总统决定转换外交策略,大幅降低援助数额,并在暗中扶植发展军队力量,军人政权很快取代“民革运”政权。至此标志着美国对“民革运”革命政权的政策取得了完全意义上的成功。结论,美国三任总统对玻利维亚的政策尽管在表现形式上有所不同,但无论是表面上的支持分化,还是暗地里的策划颠覆,都从本质上体现了一致性,那就是美国从不希望在其战略后方出现一个革命的政权。“民革运”政权的崩塌,保障了美国在西半球的安全防务体系,阻止了苏联对广大南美内陆地区的势力扩张,从而暴露了美国在冷战时期称霸与争霸的真实目的。
[Abstract]:Bolivia, located in the hinterland of the South American continent, was named after the famous leader of the Latin American Independence War, Simon Bolivar. Since its independence from Spain in 1825, its territorial disputes, frequent regime change and backward economic development are the most important pillar industries of Bolivia for a long time. Under the control of the United States, the national fiscal revenue was very small and the social contradiction was very sharp in April. In April, the "nationalist Revolutionary Movement Party" ("the folk revolution") seized power and established the first bourgeois democratic regime in the history of Bolivia. For the early cold war, the revolutionary political power of the South American continent, The U.S. government expressed close attention. After careful consideration, President Eisenhower decided to support the revolutionary political power of the civil revolution. From 1953 to President Kennedy, three large-scale economic assistance plans were carried out in the United States before and after the United States, which made the country leap into the United States at the same time. By the aid program, the economy of Bolivia has embarked on the track of healthy development, but at the same time, the internal separatist of the "Civil Revolution" has intensified, the political crisis is serious in.1965 years, and the Johnson administration has changed its policy to replace the regime by means of supporting the military regime in the dark. The strategic security of the United States in South America during the cold war. At present, the domestic research on this subject is still relatively weak. On the basis of the previous research achievements of the United States, based on the latest declassified archives in the United States, the three presidents of Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson have carried out a comprehensive policy on the revolutionary political power of Bolivia "the Civil Revolution". Combing and analyzing the concept reveals the real purpose of us assistance to the regime.
This article is composed of the preface, the main body and the conclusion. The body is divided into four parts.
The preface mainly introduces the research status of the academic circles both at home and abroad, and summarizes the academic value and significance of this topic.
The first part mainly discusses the historical relationship between the United States and Bolivia since the establishment of the diplomatic relations between the United States and the United States in 1848 and the Bolivia revolution in 1952. The author divides this into three stages, which are divided into two stages: the development of the diplomatic relations between the United States and Bolivia, with the development of the American national strength and the relationship between the United States and the United States before the revolution from cold to cooperation, The United States has become the leading force in bilateral relations, thus laying the foundation for the "Inequalities" relationship between the two sides.
The second part deals with the Bolivia revolution in 1952 and the response of the United States to the United States. This part analyzes the situation in Bolivia before the revolution, the rise and composition of the "folk revolution", and the historical origin of the United States and the "folk revolution", and the American government at 1952 after the promise that the regime will make compensation for the tin mine. The regime was officially recognized in June.
In the third part, the democratic reform and the policy adopted by the United States government after the administration of the "democratic revolution" came into power. In order to protect the strategic interests of the inland region of South America, the United States decided to support the revolutionary regime. President Eisenhower successively implemented the emergency assistance plan and the "national economic stability plan". President NEDI continued this foreign policy and continued to implement the "grand triangle" plan for Bolivia. A lot of assistance developed the economy of Bolivia, but it also disintegrated the "MC" regime and accelerated its pace of destruction.
The fourth part deals with the political crisis in the late revolution and the middle period of the.60 policy of the United States. The situation of the cold war in the world has changed seriously. In addition, the political situation in Bolivia is unrest at this time. In order to prevent the emergence of "second Cuba" in Latin America, President Johnson decided to transform the diplomatic strategy. With a significant reduction in the amount of aid and the support of the development of the military forces in the dark, the military regime quickly replaced the "MC" regime, which marks the complete success of the United States' policy on the revolutionary political power of the "Civil Revolution".
The three presidents of the United States, despite their different forms of expression in Bolivia, are essentially consistent, whether on the surface, or in the dark. That is, the United States never wants a revolutionary regime behind its strategy. The collapse of the "Civil Revolution" regime is guaranteed. The United States' security defense system in the Western Hemisphere prevented the Soviet Union from expanding its power in the vast South American inland area, thus exposing the true purpose of hegemony and hegemony in the cold war.

【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K152

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