11-14世纪西欧大陆的世俗商业思想

发布时间：2018-05-03 12:11

本文选题：中世纪 + 西欧大陆　；参考：《山东大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 在中世纪早期,西欧大陆的世俗社会已经产生了逐商的观念。其本土的商本的观念,在早期职业商人群体中得到了体现。不过,以商为本的观念在这一时期还不普遍。逐商观念更普遍的表现为一种原始的形态——生产者的商品销售意识。从动态上来看,随着时间的推移,西欧大陆的农村与市场的联系越来越紧密,生产者的销售意识也在不断增强,他们中间正在孕育着普遍的逐商观念。与此同时,西欧大陆的世俗君主们把发展商业视为自己的特权,甚至视商业为国王的资产,当然也视保护商业为己任。他们的特权商业观念,在扶植国内商业发展、货币政策以及支持对外贸易发展方面都有明确地体现。自11世纪起,西欧进入了一个长达三个多世纪的商业复兴时期,逐商观念在这一时期开始在西欧大陆普遍滋生。同时,封建主和农民的市场意识也开始形成。随着交换经济的日益发达,货币在经济活动中的作用逐步增强,封建君主们增加货币收入的愿望愈加强烈。他们继承并发展了早期统治者的特权商业观,继续视自己为商业的保护人,其重商意识渐渐形成。在商业不断发展的同时,职业商人的经营思想也渐渐成熟,他们创造了许多符合其实时代特点的经营知识和理念。消费市场的扩大,商业资金的积累,导致了商人致富观念的变化。他们不再仅仅关注交易本身,而且还开始投资于生产活动,建立起了手工工场。其中最重要的当属羊毛纺织工场,这一行业的经营者们积累了许多宝贵的管理经验。中世纪的商业活动具有突出的保护性特点。随着商业的深入发展,商业保护思想日益流行。城市商业保护思想的核心就是以强制干预为手段,保护本城商业、工业的发展。具体表现为,在对内保护扶植的同时,又对竞争者进行种种限制。从城市必需品的供应、商品加工、生产及销售各个环节,商业保护思想的身影无所不在。君主的商业保护思想与城市商业保护思想的核心内容相似,皆是通过干预的方式保护商业、工业的发展。但在具体表现形式上却有不同。君主的商业保护思想更多的表现为保护与扶植,其排外的因素相对城市来讲要少的多。
[Abstract]:In the early Middle Ages, the secular society of the Western European continent had developed the idea of business. The local business-based concept was embodied in the early professional merchants group. However, the concept of business-based in this period is not universal. The idea of mercantilism is more commonly expressed as a primitive form-the producer's sense of commodity sales. From the dynamic point of view, with the passage of time, the western European continent rural and market are more and more closely linked, the producer's sales consciousness is also increasing, among them is pregnant with the universal business idea. At the same time, the secular monarchs of the Western European continent saw the development of commerce as their prerogative, even as a king's asset and, of course, as their duty to protect it. Their idea of privileged business is clearly embodied in fostering domestic business development, monetary policy and supporting foreign trade development. Since the 11th century, Western Europe has entered a period of commercial revival for more than three centuries. At the same time, feudal lord and farmer's market consciousness also begins to form. With the development of exchange economy, the role of money in economic activities was gradually strengthened, and the feudal monarchs' desire to increase monetary income became stronger and stronger. They inherited and developed the privileged business view of the early rulers and continued to regard themselves as protectors of commerce, and their sense of mercantilism gradually formed. With the continuous development of business, the management thought of professional businessmen has gradually matured, and they have created a lot of management knowledge and ideas that accord with the characteristics of the times. The expansion of the consumer market and the accumulation of commercial funds have led to a change in the concept of becoming rich. Instead of focusing solely on the trade itself, they began to invest in production and set up handmade factories. One of the most important is wool textile factory, the operators of this industry has accumulated a lot of valuable management experience. Commercial activities in the Middle Ages had prominent protective characteristics. With the development of commerce, the idea of business protection is becoming more and more popular. The core of urban commercial protection is to protect the development of commerce and industry by means of compulsory intervention. The concrete performance is, in the internal protection support, but also carries on each kind of restriction to the competitor. From the supply of urban necessities, commodity processing, production and sales links, business protection ideas are everywhere. The monarch's thought of commercial protection is similar to the core content of urban commercial protection, which protects the development of commerce and industry through intervention. However, there are differences in specific forms of expression. The monarch's business protection thought is more to protect and foster, and the factors of exclusion are much less than the city.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：F129;K56

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