1961-1969年美国对越政策中的中国因素

发布时间：2018-05-05 18:28

本文选题：美国对越政策 + 中越关系　；参考：《北京师范大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： 冷战时期,美苏两极对峙。美国从其全球战略角度出发,为了遏制共产主义的扩张,在印度支那地区支持反共势力,特别是支援南越政权,防止北方共产主义的扩张。1961-1969年是美国对越政策的一个关键时期,此时美国随着越南形势的变化而制定了不同的对越政策。在这一时期,中国对南越形势的变化产生极其重要的影响,从而进一步制约了美国的对越政策。在此时期,中越两国从地缘政治的角度出发,面对共同的敌人——美帝国主义者,建立了“同志加兄弟”的深厚情谊。为此,当越南领导人向中国提出物资援助后,中国义无反顾地大力支援越南,这些物资有力地保障了北方的建设和南方人民的抗美斗争,使美国在制定南越战略时受挫。美国面对南越日益恶化的形势,相信“多米诺骨牌”效应,为了赢得这场战争,决定对越南实行战争升级。面对美国的战争升级,中国作出强烈反应,除了对美国表示强烈抗议外,还秘密派出后勤支援部队,支持越南人民的抗美斗争。美国对此不得不加大对北越的轰炸力度,同时向南越不断增派地面部队。在中越军民的共同战斗下,北越防空作战取得许多胜利,美国并未取得预期的轰炸效果。与此同时,北越人民军大量进入南越,与南解武装部队并肩作战,共同消灭侵犯自己家园的敌人,美军陷入南越人民不断打击中。面对越南人民的抵抗高潮,美军伤亡人数不断增加,为了早日解决越南问题,美国开始同北越进行和谈接触。但是北越在中国的影响下,认为未在战场上取得胜利,就不可能在谈判桌上取得胜利,因此对谈判条件丝毫不放松。1968年春季攻势过后,北越军队损失很大,这时北越领导人开始认真考虑和谈问题。就在这一年,美国宣布停止轰炸北纬20度以北地区,越南方面立即作出反应,表示同意派代表与美国谈判。但是两国谈判仍未取得很大进展,这主要在于中美两国关系未得到改善。直到1972年尼克松访华后,中美关系开始改善,中国开始支持越美和谈,在此情况下,中国积极推动美越两国的和谈,最后终于签订了巴黎协定。在1961-1969年美国的对越政策中,中国始终起着至关重要的作用,制约着美国的对越政策,同时也使美国认识到中国的重要性。中苏关系破裂后,美国看到改善中美关系的可能性,同时中国也意识到应该“联美抗苏”,于是双方秘密接触,最终在尼克松时期实现中美关系的正常化。中国在改善与美国关系后,也反过来积极推动越美和谈,促进《巴黎协定》的签订,为以后越南的统一奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:During the cold war, the United States and the Soviet Union confronted each other. From its global strategic point of view, in order to curb the expansion of communism, the United States supported anti-Communist forces in the Indochina region, especially the South Vietnamese regime, and prevented the expansion of communism in the North. 1961-1969 was a key period of American policy towards Vietnam. At this time, the United States with the changes in the situation in Vietnam to formulate a different policy toward Vietnam. During this period, China exerted an extremely important influence on the change of the situation in South Vietnam, which further restricted the policy of the United States towards Vietnam. In this period, China and Vietnam, from the geopolitical point of view, faced with the common enemy-American imperialists, established a deep friendship of "comrades and brothers". For this reason, when Vietnam's leaders offered China material assistance, China made great efforts to support Vietnam, which effectively guaranteed the construction of the north and the struggle of the people of the south against the United States, which frustrated the United States in formulating the strategy of South Vietnam. Faced with the worsening situation in South Vietnam, the United States believed in the domino effect and decided to escalate the war against Vietnam in order to win the war. In the face of the escalation of the war in the United States, China reacted strongly. In addition to expressing strong protests against the United States, it also secretly dispatched logistic support troops to support the Vietnamese people in their struggle against the United States. The United States had to step up its bombardment of North Vietnam and send more ground troops to South Vietnam. Under the joint combat between Chinese and Vietnamese, the North Vietnamese air defense has won many victories, but the United States has not achieved the expected bombing effect. At the same time, the North Vietnamese people's Army entered South Vietnam in large numbers, fought alongside the armed forces of the South Liberation Army, and jointly eliminated the enemies who violated their homes, and the US military fell into continuous attack by the people of South Vietnam. In the face of the high tide of resistance among the Vietnamese people, the number of US military casualties has been increasing. In order to resolve the Vietnamese issue as soon as possible, the United States began peace talks with North Vietnam. However, under the influence of China, North Vietnam believes that it is impossible to win at the negotiating table without victory on the battlefield, so it will not relax the conditions of negotiation. After the spring offensive of 1968, the North Vietnamese army lost a lot of money. The North Vietnamese leaders began to think seriously about the peace talks. Just this year, the United States announced a halt to the bombing of areas north of 20 degrees N, and Vietnam immediately responded by agreeing to send representatives to negotiate with the United States. But negotiations between the two countries have not made much progress, mainly because relations between China and the United States have not improved. It was not until 1972, after Nixon's visit to China, that Sino-US relations began to improve and China began to support the Vietnamese peace talks. Under such circumstances, China actively promoted the peace talks between the United States and Vietnam, and finally signed the Paris Agreement. In the 1961-1969 American policy toward Vietnam, China always played a vital role, which restricted the American policy towards Vietnam, and also made the United States realize the importance of China. After the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations, the United States saw the possibility of improving Sino-US relations, and China also realized that it should "unite the United States against the Soviet Union." so the two sides made secret contacts and finally realized the normalization of Sino-US relations during Nixon's time. After improving its relations with the United States, China, in turn, actively promoted the peace talks between Vietnam and the United States and promoted the signing of the Paris Accords, which laid the foundation for the reunification of Vietnam in the future.
【学位授予单位】：北京师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K712

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