论一战时美国统制经济的影响

发布时间：2018-05-13 05:22

本文选题：统制经济 + 战争动员　；参考：《山东师范大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 一战期间,美国政府为了进行战时经济动员而在国内建立了全面管制下经济体制——“统制经济体制”。实行全国范围内的统制经济看似只是美国政府为进行战争动员而采取的临时性措施,但建立这一体制的基础,却是在一战前很长时间就开始形成了。十九世纪初的进步主义思潮,为联邦政府干预经济提供了理论依据;在政府反垄断的过程中,出现的干预经济的机构与法案,又为战时经济统制政策的实施提供了借鉴。统制经济是在机构体系和法律体系的双重保障下建立的。作为战争动员的体制,其军事意义体现在多个方面,包括建立了更加科学的后勤供应体系,形成了更全面的动员机制,等等。同时,一战时的经济统制还是“总体战”思想在美国军事史上的首次实践,它不仅为美国整个军事动员体制的确立和完善奠定了基础,还成为美国海外远征军体制形成过程中的重要部分。另一方面,统制经济作为经济管理体制,其经济意义也非常重要。统制经济体制的经济意义,主要体现在战时政府所实行的财税政策、价格调控政策和劳工政策方面。为满足与日俱增的军费需求,政府通过三个渠道提高财政收入:增加税收、发行公债和“货币创造”,这三项措施对当时美国国内经济都产生了很大的影响:增税政策在引起了人们不满的同时,却客观地调节了财富的分配,对普通劳动人民来说是有利的;政府在发行公债时掀起了一场“爱国运动”;在关于税收和公债比例问题的讨论中,“加重税收在政府财政收入中比重”的优点,被人们意识到,并成为国家财政体系中的一部分,“高所得税”的税收模式也在这一时期形成;美国联邦储备体系的成立,使一战中的美国政府有了更灵活的“货币创造”方式,在美联储购买政府公债的过程中,其重要的货币政策工具——“公开的市场操作”被发现,并成为美联储调节货币数量,影响经济运行的常用方法。统制经济条件下,政府对物价进行调控的意义主要有两方面:一是调节供需以满足战争动员的需求;二是稳定物价,保证国内经济的健康有序发展。在这一目标的引导下,美国国内形成了有特点的价格调控体系——“量线—优先”体系。与工人组织结合是一战时期劳工政策的重要特征,它一方面保障了工人的权利,另一方面还避免了罢工,为经济动员的顺利进行提供了良好的社会环境。一战后美国的腾飞是建立在战争经济基础上的,广泛的经济统制是繁荣的基础。统制经济下的美国政府成为战时国内经济运行的主要推动者,他们利用价格杠杆提高了经济运行的效率,稳定了物价,让人们看到了干预经济的优势。一战后的美国,经历了萧条到繁荣再萧条的过程,这一过程与战时统制经济有着非常密切的关系,大萧条的出现是政府放弃经济干预政策的直接后果。统制经济的最大影响,在于它不仅成为三十年代“新政”政策的来源,还为此后美国国内的经济模式提供了借鉴。
[Abstract]:During the first World War, the United States government established the economic system under the overall control in order to mobilize the wartime economy in China - the "unified economic system". The implementation of the unified economy throughout the country appears to be a temporary measure adopted by the United States government for the mobilization of the war. But the foundation of the establishment of the system is very long before the first war. Time began to form. The progressive trend of thought in the early nineteenth Century provided a theoretical basis for the federal government to intervene in the economy; in the process of the government's anti monopoly, the institutions and bills intervened in the economy, which provided a reference for the implementation of the policy of the wartime economic control. As a system of war mobilization, its military significance is embodied in many aspects, including the establishment of a more scientific logistics supply system, a more comprehensive mobilization mechanism, and so on. At the same time, the first practice of the economy of the war and the first practice of "overall war" in American military history is not only for the entire military mobilization of the United States. The establishment and perfection of the system have laid the foundation and become an important part of the formation of the American Expeditionary Army system. On the other hand, the economic significance of the unified economy as an economic management system is also very important. The economic significance of the unified economic system is mainly embodied in the fiscal and tax policies, the price regulation policy and the labor force. In terms of industrial policy, in order to meet the increasing demand for military expenditure, the government has increased its fiscal revenue through three channels: increasing tax revenue, issuing bonds and "currency creation". These three measures have greatly influenced the domestic economy of the United States at that time: the tax increase policy, while causing discontent, objectively regulates the distribution of wealth. It is beneficial for the ordinary working people; the government has set off a "Patriotic Movement" in issuing bonds; in the discussion about the proportion of tax and public debt, the advantages of "increasing the proportion of tax in the government revenue" are realized and become part of the national financial system and the tax model of "high income tax". The formation of the United States Federal Reserve system made the United States government in the first World War a more flexible "currency creation" way. In the course of the Federal Reserve buying government bonds, the important monetary policy tool, "open market operation", was found, and it became the Federal Reserve to regulate the amount of money and affect the economic transport. Under the control of economic conditions, the government regulates prices in two aspects: one is to adjust supply and demand to meet the demand of war mobilization; two is to stabilize prices and ensure the healthy and orderly development of domestic economy. Under the guidance of this goal, a characteristic price regulation system has been formed in the United States - "quantity line" The combination with workers' organization is an important feature of labor policy during the first World War. On the one hand, it safeguards the rights of the workers. On the other hand, it avoids the strike and provides a good social environment for the smooth progress of economic mobilization. After the war, the American takeoff was based on the war economy, and the extensive economic control was made. The basis of prosperity. The United States government under the unified economy became the main driver of the domestic economic operation in wartime. They used the price lever to improve the efficiency of the economy, stabilize the price, and let the people see the advantage of the intervention economy. There is a very close relationship. The emergence of the great depression is the direct consequence of the government's abandonment of the economic intervention policy. The greatest impact of the unified economy is that it not only becomes the source of the "New Deal" policy in 30s, but also provides a reference for the subsequent American domestic economic model.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K712.51

【引证文献】