全俄立宪会议研究

发布时间：2018-05-17 05:03

本文选题：俄国 + 立宪会议　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：1918年1月5日,既是全俄立宪会议召开的日子,同时也是全俄立宪会议解散的日子。立宪会议在开幕不满一天就被苏维埃政权解散,而结束了短暂的政治生命。立宪会议在俄国的政治生活中并没有发挥其应有的作用,但是它对于1917年俄国革命进程却有着重大的影响。1917年二月革命推翻君主专制制度后,俄国社会各政党达成了共识,试图通过立宪会议来解决国家制度、政权形式、土地、和平等迫切问题。立宪会议成为一个影响俄国革命进程和俄国国家发展重大而又迫切的现实问题。十月革命前后布尔什维克对立宪会议的态度从积极主张到彻底否定,这一态度的转变有其现实的政治原因,也与当时俄罗斯革命和战争的特殊环境有关。全俄立宪会议在俄罗斯的失败只是一个个别事件。在不同的国家和地区,立宪会议的命运有不同的表现和结局,但是都有一个共同点,那就是与传统习俗和专制制度发生对抗和冲突。立宪会议是俄国历史的转折点,虽然立宪会议失败了,但它预示着俄罗斯民主制的未来,为俄罗斯民主道路的发展提供了借鉴。除了前言和结束语以外,本文共分四部分。第一部分：立宪会议思想的起源。主要论述立宪会议思想产生的背景以及与二月革命的关系。立宪会议的思想起源于法国大革命,在19世纪立宪会议思想渗入到俄国革命的政治观点,并且20世纪初在民主知识分子中得到传播。二月革命后召开立宪会议是众望所归,立宪会议与当时俄国的土地、和平问题一样重要,都是人民迫切期待解决的问题。俄国的各政党都不反对立宪会议的召开,争论的只是立宪会议召开的时机,因为召开立宪会议就意味着国家重大事务到了必须要解决的关键时刻。第二部分：二月革命后俄国各政党对立宪会议的态度。从1917年2月到10月,俄国社会结构是极其复杂的,具有特殊性。在立宪民主党人的领导下,自由主义者、温和的社会主义者、社会革命党人、孟什维克与布尔什维克结成了联盟。各政党之间相互协作确立了共同的革命目标,即推翻沙皇专制制度。因此,俄国各主要政党都修改了纲领,改变了自己的战略和策略,使之适应于新的条件和环境。第三部分：立宪会议召开前的准备。要在俄国广袤的地域和众多的人口中,召开全民的、平等的、直接的和不记名投票的立宪会议选举是一件非常复杂的事情。因此在立宪会议召开前有很多事情要准备,比如编写选民名册、制定选举法、限制选举人年龄资格等问题。第四部分：立宪会议的召开与解散。布尔什维克在十月革命前后对立宪会议采取了截然不同的立场,被卢森堡称为令人迷惑不解的转变。布尔什维克在夺取政权的过程中对立宪会议的召开是支持和肯定的,主要是为了争取人民群众的支持、扩大自己的社会基础,但是立宪会议的选举结果让布尔什维克难以接受,所以解散立宪会议对于布尔什维克来说是合乎逻辑的,因为布尔什维克夺取政权的目的不是为了把它交给立宪会议或临时政府,而是想自己掌权。立宪会议解散后的直接影响就是导致俄国的内战,从而也使俄国丧失多党政治发展的可能性。结束语：主要阐述立宪会议解散的原因及其对俄罗斯民主道路的影响。由于当时俄国处在战争和革命的特殊条件下,也由于俄国历史道路的独特性,影响立宪会议命运的因素除了政治因素外,也有思想意识上的根源,而当时俄国社会结构和居民政治文化素质也影响了立宪会议的命运。立宪会议召开和解散的历史证明,俄国通往民主政治变革的道路是艰辛的,对俄罗斯来说立宪会议是一次民主政治的尝试。研究立宪会议有助于我们分析当代俄罗斯政治的现实状况。
[Abstract]:In January 5, 1918, it was the day of the convening of the whole Russian Constitutional Convention and the day for the dissolution of the constitutional conference of the whole Russia. The constitutional meeting was disbanded by the Soviet regime on the day of the opening of the Constitution and ended the brief political life. The constitutional conference did not play its due role in the political life of Russia, but it was for Russia in 1917. The revolutionary process had a great influence on the February revolution to overthrow the monarchy of the monarchy in.1917. The political parties of the Russian society reached a consensus and tried to solve the urgent problems of the state system, the form of power, the land and the peace through the constitutional conference. The constitutional conference became an important and urgent influence on the process of Russian Revolution and the development of the Russian state. The realistic problem. Bull J Vic's attitude towards the constitutional convention before and after the October revolution was from positive to complete negation. The change of this attitude has its realistic political reasons and the special environment of the Russian Revolution and war at that time. The failure of the Russian constitutional conference in Russia is only a single event. The fate of the constitutional convention has different manifestations and outcomes, but there is a common point, that is, the confrontation and conflict with traditional customs and despotism. The constitutional conference is a turning point in Russian history. Although the constitutional conference has failed, it foreshadowed the future of Russian democracy and provided a reference for the development of Russian Democratic Road.
Besides preface and concluding remarks, this paper is divided into four parts.
The first part: the origin of the thought of the constitutional conference. It mainly discusses the background of the thought of the constitutional conference and the relationship with the February revolution. The thought of the constitutional conference originated from the French Revolution, the thought of the constitutional conference in nineteenth Century penetrated the political views of the Russian Revolution, and was spread among the Democratic intellectuals in the early twentieth Century. The February revolution was carried out. The convening of a constitutional conference is all the same. The constitutional conference is as important as the land and peace of Russia at that time. It is an urgent problem to be solved by the people. All the political parties in Russia do not oppose the convening of the constitutional meeting, and the debate is just the time for the convening of the constitutional meeting, because the convening of the constitutional conference means that the state's major affairs have come to the end. The key moment to be solved.
The second part: the attitude of the Russian political parties to the constitutional conference after the February revolution. From February 1917 to October, the Russian social structure was extremely complex and special. Under the leadership of the constitutional democratic party, liberalists, mild socialists, social revolutionaries, Meng Svik and Bull J Vic formed alliances. Mutual cooperation established a common revolutionary goal, that is, the overthrow of the Czar autocracy. Therefore, the main political parties in Russia have modified the programme and changed their strategies and strategies to adapt to the new conditions and environment.
The third part: preparation before the convening of the constitutional convention. It is a very complicated thing to hold a constitutional convention election for the universal, equal, direct and secret ballot in the vast territory of Russia and a large number of people. So there are many things to prepare before the constitutional convention, such as the compilation of the electoral register, the formulation of the electoral law, and the limit of the electoral law. To select and select the eligibility of the people.
The fourth part: the convening and disbandment of the constitutional convention. Bull J Vic took a completely different position on the constitutional conference before and after the October revolution, which was called the confusing change by Luxemburg. In the process of taking power, Bull J Vic supported and affirmed the convening of the constitutional conference, mainly for the sake of the people. Support, expand the social foundation of its own, but the election results of the constitutional conference make Bull J Vic difficult to accept, so it is logical for Bull J Vic to disband the constitutional conference, because Bull J Vic's purpose of taking power is not to give it to the constitutional conference or the provisional government, but to take power. The direct impact of the dissolution is the result of the civil war in Russia and the possibility of Russia losing its multi-party political development.
Concluding remarks: the reasons for the dissolution of the constitutional conference and its influence on the Russian Democratic Road are mainly expounded. Because of the special conditions of Russia in the war and revolution and the uniqueness of the Russian historical path, the factors that affect the fate of the constitutional conference, except for the political factors, also have the root of ideology, and the Russian social knot at that time. The Constitution and the citizens' political and cultural qualities also affected the fate of the constitutional convention. The history of the convening and dissolution of the constitutional conference proved that the road to Russia's democratic political transformation was hard and the constitutional meeting of Russia was an attempt of democracy.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K512.51

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