苏丹独立以来达尔富尔土地问题演变及其当代影响

发布时间：2018-05-19 10:40

本文选题：达尔富尔 + 土地问题　；参考：《浙江师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：达尔富尔地处非洲萨赫勒地带东段,从南到北主要有三个不同的生态区域,三个区域的土地利用具有过渡性、互补性的特征。在历史上,达尔富尔实行土地公有制,富尔王国(约始于1600年左右)时实行“哈库拉”制度发展并保留了土地公有制。传统土地所有制有效管理了个部族的土地分配,确保了农牧民之间的合作。其缺陷是,存在大小部落之间的矛盾；牧民在这一体系中处于不利位置；对移民的土地管理存在潜在不稳定因素；达尔富尔的部落被分为有地的和无地的两大类这种情况没有改变。尽管如此,早期的土地问题并不明显,而且都能在本地治理下得到解决。在土耳其殖民时期(1821-1884)和马赫迪短暂统治时期(1885—1889),以及英埃共管时期(1890-1956乙土地所有制度的基本结构没有发生根本变化。由于达尔富尔长期独立于中央政府,以及在国家政治经济生活中边缘化,苏丹独立后很长一段时期,达尔富尔包括土地所有制在内的许多政策都没有发生重大调整。二十世纪七十年代以来,达尔富尔的土地问题逐渐严重。一方面,政府在管理基层事务方面的政策和策略,尤其是有关法规的制定并不是基于当地的传统习惯。表现在：废除地方治理,传统管理体制的弱化和政治化破坏了其管理土地的功能,但新秩序也从未真正发挥过作用；重新划分行政区域激化、加剧了部分土地矛盾；新的土地政策,目的在于执行政府的政策,没有考虑达尔富尔地区传统的土地制度。另一方面,达尔富尔土地面临的压力越来越大。干旱改变了土地利用结构,耕作和放牧环境恶化,大量人口迁移产生新的土地需求；人口数量激增,加剧了土地压力；耕地面积扩大、畜牧量增加,加剧了农耕业和畜牧业之间的摩擦。在此情况下,公共放牧制度成为导致农、牧民之间冲突的一个非常重要的因素。达尔富尔的土地问题,既是该地区被边缘化的结果,也是土地压力增加所导致。这次不成功的转型,产生了严重的后果。冲突是土地问题最严重的表现形式,最近二十年来,农民和牧民之间、牧民之间、部族内部的土地争端急剧增加。争夺土地也是达尔富尔危机爆发的重要动因。同时,冲突产生新的土地矛盾,成了目前阶段土地问题的重要原因。解决达尔富尔的土地问题,首先要打破冲突与土地问题的恶性循环,制止冲突与解决土地问题必须同时进行。传统土地制度需要继承,也需要做出合理调整；新的土地所有制,既要保证原有土地所有者的权利,又能满足新的土地需求；既要反映国家利益,也要反映地方利益。为此,明确土地权利,解决土地注册问题,是当务之急；加强土地管理能力,重视本地管理与提供更多公共服务,是未来政府努力的两个方向。另外,发挥土地潜力,促进农牧业的可持续发展,是解决土地问题的根本途径。
[Abstract]:Darfur is located in the eastern part of the Sahelian belt of Africa. From south to north there are mainly three different ecological regions. The land use of the three regions is transitional and complementary. Historically, public ownership of land was practised in Darfur, and the "Hakula" system developed and retained in the Kingdom of Fur (which began around 1600). Traditional land ownership effectively manages the land distribution of a tribe and ensures cooperation between farmers and herdsmen. Its shortcomings are the existence of contradictions between large and small tribes, the disadvantaged position of herdsmen in the system, the potential instability of land management for migrants; There has been no change in the fact that tribes in Darfur are divided into landless and landless groups. Nevertheless, early land problems were not obvious and could be resolved under local governance. During the colonial period of Turkey (1821-1884) and the brief reign of Mahdi, the basic structure of the land ownership system did not change fundamentally during the period of Anglo-Egyptian Common Administration (1890-1956). Due to the long-standing independence of Darfur from the central Government and its marginalization in the political and economic life of the country, many policies in Darfur, including land ownership, have not undergone major adjustments for a long time after independence. Since the 1970 s, the land problem in Darfur has become more and more serious. On the one hand, the government's policies and strategies in the management of grass-roots affairs, especially the formulation of laws and regulations, are not based on traditional local customs. It is shown in the following aspects: abolishing local governance, weakening and politicizing the traditional management system, destroying the function of land management, but the new order has never really played a role, the division of administrative areas has been intensified, and some land contradictions have been aggravated. The new land policy, aimed at implementing government policy, does not take into account the traditional land system in Darfur. On the other hand, Darfur land is under increasing pressure. Drought has changed the structure of land use, deteriorated the environment for farming and grazing, created new demands for land by massive population movements, increased land pressure by a surge in population, and increased the area of arable land and livestock production, Increased friction between farming and animal husbandry. In this case, the public grazing system has become a very important factor leading to conflicts between farmers and herdsmen. The land problem in Darfur is both a result of the marginalization of the region and a result of increased land pressure. This unsuccessful transformation has had serious consequences. Conflict is the most serious form of land problems, and land disputes between farmers and herdsmen have increased dramatically in the last two decades. Competition for land is also an important driver of the Darfur crisis. At the same time, conflicts produce new land conflicts, which become an important reason of land problems at present stage. To resolve the land problem in Darfur, we must break the vicious circle of conflict and land issue, and stop the conflict and resolve the land problem simultaneously. The traditional land system should be inherited and adjusted reasonably; the new land ownership system should not only guarantee the rights of the original landowners, but also meet the new land needs, and reflect both national and local interests. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the land rights and solve the land registration problem, and to strengthen the land management capacity, attach importance to local management and provide more public services are the two directions of the future government's efforts. In addition, giving full play to the land potential and promoting the sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry is the fundamental way to solve the land problem.
【学位授予单位】：浙江师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K412;F301

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