试析美国1828年关税法案产生的原因及其影响

发布时间：2018-05-26 11:57

本文选题：关税法案 + 美国政党政治　；参考：《安徽大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：美国1828年的关税法案是美国早期的一系列关税保护立法的高潮,因此在当时饱受争议。美国当时的经济发展情况为国会制定1828年关税法案提供了动机。制造业有了一定程度的发展,其中纺织业的发展相当迅速,因此制造业主迫切希望国会制定新的关税法案来应对欧洲商品的竞争。制造业的发展也提高了其对原材料的需求,因此农民也希望联邦制定保护性关税,保证他们能够占有国内正在扩大的农业原材料市场。在制造业的大力推动下,众议院制造业委员会制定出了1828年关税法案的初稿。初稿出现伊始,众议院内就爆发了激烈的争论。当时美国各个州对法案初稿的态度大致如下：新英格兰地区的一些州反对法案的通过,而另外一些州则支持法案的通过,西北部各州大多支持法案的通过,南方各州几乎一致反对法案的通过。如果单独考虑地区性利益对众议院各州议员的的影响,法案几乎是不可能被通过。在以人口决定席位的众议院中,南方各州占据了大量的席位,而他们几乎是一致反对法案通过的,可以与之匹敌的新英格兰地区各州的态度又不统一,西北部的农业州虽然大多支持法案的通过,但是由于人口相对较少,在众议院中的席位相对于南方州和新英格兰地区而言,是比较有限的,因此其影响力也相对有限。但是法案在众议院中却侥幸通过了,而这主要应当归因于政党政治的影响。1828年正是总统选举年,竞争主要在A·杰克逊(Andrew, Jackson)和J·Q·亚当斯(John, Quincy, Adams)之间展开。以新英格兰地区为主要阵营的亚当斯派为获得制造业的支持,希望通过一部新的保护性关税法案,而杰克逊派则集合了南方州和西部农业州的支持,反对法案的通过。事实上,法案的初稿就是杰克逊针对亚当斯派的一个政治伎俩。制定法案初稿的制造业委员会中杰克逊派占到多数,法案中的许多条款可以说是杰克逊派对亚当斯派的蓄意为难,因为无论法案通过与否,亚当斯派都会受到严重的打击。法案通过将会使亚当斯在总统选举中失去南方州和西部农业州的支持,而法案无法通过,亚当斯将会失去他的根据地新英格兰地区的制造业工厂主们的支持。最终,法案在亚当斯派的妥协下侥幸通过,成为了1828年关税法案。正是由于政党政治对法案的影响,使得法案的实质内容在经济学角度上来看存在诸多不合理,也就导致了法案的经济效用相当有限,相反,法案对美国政治格局的影响却不容忽视。不仅仅是当年的总统大选,之后美国的许多政治事件都和该法案有着或多或少的联系,其中最为直接的就是1832到1833年的“无效危机"(Nullification Crisis)。
[Abstract]:The US tariff Act of 1828 was the culmination of a series of early tariff protection legislation in the United States, so it was controversial at that time. Economic developments in the United States at the time provided an incentive for Congress to enact the tariff Act of 1828. The manufacturing industry has developed to a certain extent, among which the textile industry has developed quite rapidly, so manufacturers are eager for Congress to enact a new tariff bill to deal with the competition of European goods. The development of manufacturing has also increased demand for raw materials, so farmers also want a federal protective tariff to ensure they have access to the country's expanding market for agricultural raw materials. Driven by manufacturing, the House manufacturing committee produced a first draft of the 1828 tariff Act. From the very beginning of the first draft, a heated debate broke out in the House of Representatives. At that time, the attitudes of the states of the United States towards the draft bill were roughly as follows: some states in the New England region opposed the passage of the bill, others supported the passage of the bill, and most of the northwestern states supported the passage of the bill. The southern states almost unanimously opposed the passage of the bill. The bill is almost impossible to pass if you consider the impact of regional interests on House states alone. In the demographics of the House of Representatives, the southern states held a large number of seats, and they almost unanimously opposed the bill, and the New England states, which could rival it, were divided. Although most of the agricultural states in the northwest support the passage of the bill, because of its relatively small population, seats in the House of Representatives are relatively limited compared to the South and New England, so its influence is relatively limited. But the bill was passed in the House of Representatives, largely due to the influence of party politics. 1828 was the year of the presidential election, with competition between A. Jackson Andrew, Jackson) and J. Q. Adams John, Quincy, Adamsm. With New England as the main camp, Adams wanted a new protective tariff bill to win the support of manufacturing, while Jackson gathered support from southern and western agricultural states to oppose the passage of the bill. In fact, the first draft of the bill was Jackson's political ploy against Adams. Jackson had a majority on the manufacturing committee that produced the first draft of the bill, and many of its provisions could be said to be the deliberate embarrassment of Adams at the Jackson party, who would be badly hit whether the bill was passed or not. The passage of the bill would deprive Adams of support in the presidential election in the southern and western agricultural states, and the bill would lose the support of manufacturing factory owners in his New England base. In the end, the bill passed with the compromise of Adams and became the tariff Act of 1828. It is precisely because of the influence of party politics on the bill that the substance of the bill is unreasonable from an economic point of view, which leads to its limited economic utility. On the contrary, The impact of the bill on the political landscape of the United States cannot be ignored. It was not just the presidential election that followed, but much of the political events that followed were more or less linked to the bill, the most direct of which was the "ineffective crisis" of 1832 to 1833.
【学位授予单位】：安徽大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.2;K712.4

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