古希腊雇佣兵初探

发布时间：2018-06-01 09:59

本文选题：雇佣兵 + 重装步兵　；参考：《东北师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：雇佣兵是古希腊军事史上一个重要角色,雇佣兵制从出现到发展,再到鼎盛时期取代公民兵制度,都与希腊社会的很多方面紧密相关。古风时代与早期僭主时代是希腊雇佣兵的起源时期,小亚细亚、北非以及希腊都留有雇佣兵的影子,但是他们数量并不多,也没有参与到大规模的战争中去。随着早期僭主制结束,公元前6世纪至前431年,这一段时间是雇佣兵淡出人们的视野,但他们依然存在于希腊世界,并未消失。自伯罗奔尼撒战争开始,希腊本土、地中海四周、以及遥远的意大利南部殖民地都未曾安宁过。这一时期战争规模大,耗时长,士兵需求数量多,虽然公民兵的数量仍占较大比重,但雇佣兵的数量也开始增加,处在人数膨胀的边缘。从公元前395年至公元前362年,底比斯开始在战场上与斯巴达对抗,直到曼提内亚战役的结束,在这个时期,雇佣兵在希腊战争中的作用越来越大,在一些城邦一度出现大部分或完全取代公民兵的现象。本文共分为三个部分。第一部分是对雇佣兵词源的辨析及探讨雇佣兵出现的原因。雇佣兵并不是突然出现在希腊世界中的,而是由于各种社会因素积累逐渐出现的。同时,雇佣兵不仅来自希腊本土,也来自如小亚细亚的伊奥尼亚或北部色雷斯地区,所以在探讨雇佣兵出现的时候,雇佣兵的来源也值得关注。同时史家关于雇佣兵的记载比较零散,并且对于雇佣兵的概念的定义也是由模糊到清晰。第二部分探讨的是雇佣兵在军队中服务的周期、以及主要雇佣兵兵种问题。重装步兵虽然是希腊公民兵的主要形式,但是也有一部分重装步兵作为雇佣兵到海外效力,例如居鲁士的希腊雇佣兵。同时,轻盾兵也是雇佣兵的主要兵种,作战灵活、机动性强是他们的特点。在考虑他们作战的时候,也要考虑他们是如何生存的,这就是第二部分最后要探讨的雇佣兵的薪水问题。第三部分为雇佣兵在古代世界的影响。希腊雇佣兵在地中海世界存在的时间长,所覆盖的区域广,他们除对希腊本土产生影响,也对周边小亚细亚、北非等地区产生了深远影响,对希腊世界变迁更是发挥着巨大的历史作用。
[Abstract]:The mercenary is an important role in the ancient Greek military history. The mercenary system from its emergence to development and then to the replacement of the civil soldier system in the heyday is closely related to many aspects of Greek society. The ancient times and the early tyrants were the origins of Greek mercenaries. Asia minor, North Africa, and Greece all had mercenaries, but they were not in large numbers and were not involved in large-scale wars. With the end of the early tyrants, from the 6th century BC to the first 431 BC, mercenaries faded out of sight, but they still existed in the Greek world and did not disappear. Since the Peloponnesian War, there has been no tranquillity in Greece, around the Mediterranean Sea, or in the distant colonies of southern Italy. During this period, the war was large, time-consuming, and the number of soldiers needed was large. Although the number of civil soldiers still accounted for a large proportion, the number of mercenaries began to increase and the number of mercenaries was on the verge of expansion. From 395 BC to 362 BC, Thebes fought Sparta on the battlefield until the end of the Battle of Mantineria, during which time mercenaries played an increasingly important role in the Greek War. At one time in some city-states, most or all of the civil soldiers were replaced. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part is the analysis of the etymology of mercenaries and the reasons for the appearance of mercenaries. Mercenaries do not appear suddenly in the Greek world, but because of the accumulation of social factors. At the same time, mercenaries come not only from the native Greece, but also from Ionian or northern Thrace, such as Asia minor, so the origin of mercenaries is also worthy of attention when discussing the appearance of mercenaries. At the same time, historians of mercenary records are scattered, and the definition of mercenary concept is vague to clear. The second part discusses the period of mercenary service in the army and the main mercenary service. Although heavy infantry is the main form of Greek civil soldiers, there are also a number of heavy infantry as mercenaries to serve overseas, such as Cyrus Greek mercenaries. At the same time, light shield soldiers are also the main arms of mercenaries, combat flexibility, mobility is their characteristics. When considering how they fight, consider how they survive, which is the question of the salary of mercenaries at the end of the second part. The third part is the influence of mercenaries in the ancient world. Greek mercenaries were present in the Mediterranean for a long time and covered a wide range of areas. In addition to their influence on the Greek mainland, they also had a profound impact on the surrounding regions of Asia minor and North Africa. It plays a great historical role in the change of the Greek world.
【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：K125

【参考文献】