冷战时期美国对第三世界国家经济外交研究（1947-1969）

发布时间：2018-06-10 08:13

本文选题：美国经济外交 + 第三世界　；参考：《陕西师范大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】：美国是个惯于并善于使用经济外交实现战略目标的国家,经济外交对美国历史的发展演变产生了深刻影响。对第三世界国家经济外交是冷战时期美国遏制战略的重要组成部分,目前国内学术界对这一问题却没有给予足够的重视。有鉴于此,本文选取冷战时期美国对第三世界国家经济外交(1947-1969)作为研究对象,以图弥补相关研究的不足。论文由绪论、正文(共6章22节)和结语构成,约20万字。绪论部分首先论述了本课题研究的目的与意义,然后对国内外研究概况进行了分析,认为从历史和理论两方面来看,冷战时期美国对第三世界国家经济外交在国内都是一个尚待深入研究的课题。该课题具有很大的学术价值和现实意义。对于采用的研究方法、论文的框架结构、尤其是涉及的核心概念(如第三世界、经济外交等),作者也进行了较为细致的分析和探讨。第一章对美国经济外交的历史起源进行了归纳分析,认为大致可以划分为5个历史阶段,即商业外交时期、门户开放外交(金元外交)时期、赔款外交时期、中立主义时期经济外交、租借外交时期等,并分别就它们产生的历史背景、主要表现形式及历史影响进行了分析。认为用历史的眼光看,冷战时期美国经济外交同样可看作是其冷战之前经济外交某种程度的延续,对之进行历史考察可使我们在更大的历史视野中认识冷战前期美国对第三世界国家经济外交。第二章从美国遏制战略角度分析了美国对第三世界国家经济外交的缘起,认为以“援助希腊、土耳其法案”(杜鲁门主义)出台为标志,美国开始把第三世界国家国内局势的发展与美国冷战利益紧密联系起来,而经济外交是美国干预的主要手段之一。杜鲁门主义向远东地区扩展的结果,产生了1948年援华法案和“援蒋反共”政策,但该政策最终以彻底失败而告终。另外,与杜鲁门主义有直接关系的美国盟国复兴计划,如马歇尔计划、“亚洲马歇尔计划”,促使美国在这个时期对东南亚实施了以获取自然资源和销售市场为目标的特殊经济外交方式。第三章主要围绕第四点计划分析了美国向第三世界国家提供技术援助的思想根源和历史根源,认为遏制所谓“共产主义的扩张”是首要的思想根源,战后第一次经济危机以及30年代经济大萧条的教训,也使得美国迫切希望扩大第三世界国家的市场;从历史根源看,第四点计划是美国对拉美国家援助要求所做出的的反应。同时依据美国外交解密档案对第四点计划的内容、实施重点、具体执行时的地区差异及原因进行了分析;而伴随着执行机构的变化,第四点计划经历了一个被美国政府重视程度不断降低,直至最后被取消的历史命运。第四章首先分析了“共同安全法”时期美国对第三世界国家经济外交的历史背景,认为朝鲜战争的爆发、第三世界的初步崛起,以及苏联在第三世界国家经济外交的开展,使得艾森豪威尔政府“新面貌”战略认为第三世界已成为美苏争夺的主要对象,美国外援方向也逐渐从欧洲转向第三世界国家;而侧重于军事安全的防务援助是美国经济外交的主要方式。另外,该章从宏观角度把这个时期美国对第三世界国家经济外交划分为两个阶段,并就其各自特点进行了综合分析。对于艾森豪威尔政府对不同类型的第三世界国家或地区经济外交,如亚洲“反共盟国”、“中立主义国家”以及“战略原料生产地区”(以苏伊士运河危机为例),本章也分别就实施背景、实施过程及影响等进行了探讨。第五章从肯尼迪政府“和平战略”入手,认为主要由于60年代第三世界的正式崛起,使得肯尼迪试图作出改变以更好地实现美国遏制战略目标。“罗斯托主义”的出现标志着肯尼迪—约翰逊政府对第三世界经济外交思想的最终确立,如把发展(开发援助)作为主要手段,以及除了当前的反共目标外,更长远目标是诱使第三世界以美国模式作为发展方向。以“1961年外援法案”为制度基础,争取进步联盟是肯尼迪政府对第三世界经济外交最典型、最重要案例之一,对于导致其出现的深层次原因、无法克服的困境等问题,以及约翰逊政府外援政策的特点及影响,本章也进行了探讨。第六章首先简要论述了美国粮食外交的历史起源、现实及制度基础,认为粮食外交作为美国经济援助外交的一种补充形式,是冷战时期美国对第三世界国家外交政策的重要组成部分。同时基于美国解密外交档案,具体分析了“粮食用于和平计划”、“通过发展实现的粮食用于和平计划”、“粮食用于自由计划”的实施情况及特点。论文的结论是:就现实动因而言,归根到底,冷战的逻辑促使美国实施了对第三世界国家的经济外交,由此也决定了冷战向全球扩展的必然性;经济外交是美国实现冷战遏制战略的工具之一;就美国各类援助拨款用途而言,它实际上变成了美国经济不可缺少的一笔津贴;就对第三世界国家发展而言,美国经济外交成了影响进程的重要外部因素;冷战时期美国对第三世界国家实行的经济外交,究其本质是一种新殖民主义。
[Abstract]:The United States is a country accustomed to and is good at using economic diplomacy to achieve strategic goals. Economic diplomacy has a profound influence on the development and evolution of American history. The economic diplomacy of the third world countries is an important part of the American strategy of containment during the cold war. At present, the domestic academic circles have not given enough attention to this issue. In this paper, the article selects the third world economic diplomacy (1947-1969) as the research object in the cold war period, in order to make up for the insufficiency of the related research. The thesis is made up of the introduction, the body (6 chapters and 22 sections) and the conclusion, about 20 million words.
The introduction part first discusses the purpose and significance of the research, and then analyzes the research situation at home and abroad. From two aspects of history and theory, it is considered that the American economic diplomacy of the third world in the cold war is a subject to be studied deeply at home. This subject has great academic value and practical significance. The author also makes a more detailed analysis and Discussion on the research methods adopted and the framework of the paper, especially the core concepts involved (such as the third world, economic diplomacy, etc.).
The first chapter makes an induction and analysis of the historical origin of American economic diplomacy, and thinks that it can be divided into 5 historical stages, namely, the period of commercial diplomacy, the period of Open diplomacy (gold and Yuan diplomacy), the period of indemnity diplomacy, the economic diplomacy of neutralism, the lease of diplomatic time and so on, and the historical background and main manifestations of them respectively. In the view of history, American economic diplomacy during the cold war can also be regarded as a continuation of its economic diplomacy before the cold war. The historical review of the American economic diplomacy can make us understand the economic diplomacy of the third world countries in the early cold war.
The second chapter analyzes the origin of American economic diplomacy to the third world countries from the angle of American containment strategy, and thinks that "aid Greece, Turkey act" (Truman doctrine) is the mark. The United States begins to link the development of the domestic situation in the third world to the cold war interests of the United States, and the economic diplomacy is the intervention of the United States. One of the main means. The result of the expansion of Truman's doctrine to the Far East resulted in the 1948 policy of aid to China and the "anti Communist Party to the Chiang Kai Shek" policy, but the policy eventually ended with a complete failure. In addition, the United States alliance rejuvenation plan, which was directly related to Truman's doctrine, such as the Marshall plan and the "Asia Marshall plan", prompted the United States to be in this During the period, special economic diplomacy was carried out for Southeast Asia in order to obtain natural resources and sell the market.
The third chapter, focusing on the fourth point plan, analyzes the ideological roots and historical roots of the United States providing technical assistance to the third world countries, and holds that the containment of the so-called "expansion of communism" is the primary ideological root. The first economic crisis and the lessons of the Great Depression of the 30s have made the United States eager to expand the third world. According to the historical roots, the fourth point plan is the response of the United States to the Latin American national assistance request. At the same time, according to the content of the fourth point plan of the US diplomatic decryption archives, the regional differences and the reasons for the specific implementation are analyzed; and with the changes of the executive agencies, the fourth points are planned. A historical fate that has been continuously lowered by the US government until finally cancelled.
The fourth chapter first analyzes the historical background of the United States to the economic diplomacy of the third world countries in the period of the "common security law", and considers the outbreak of the Korean War, the initial rise of the third world, and the development of the Soviet Union in the third world economic diplomacy, making the "new look" strategy of the Eisenhower government that the third world has become the United States and the Soviet Union. The main object of the contention is that the direction of American foreign aid has gradually shifted from Europe to the third world countries, while the defense assistance which focuses on military security is the main way of American economic diplomacy. In addition, the chapter divides the United States into two stages of the third world economic diplomacy in this period from a macro perspective, and makes a comprehensive analysis of its respective characteristics. This chapter also discusses the implementation background, implementation process and influence of the Eisenhower administration on the economic diplomacy of different types of third world countries or regions, such as "anti communist allies" in Asia, "neutral countries" and "strategic raw material production areas" (with the Suez canal crisis as an example).
The fifth chapter, starting with the "peace strategy" of the Kennedy administration, thinks that the main reason for the formal rise of the third world in 60s makes Kennedy try to make a change in order to better achieve the goal of the American containment strategy. The emergence of "rostodon" symbolizes the final establishment of the Kennedy Johnson administration's diplomatic thought of the third world economy. For example, as the main means of development (development assistance) and in addition to the current anti Communist objectives, the longer and far target is to induce the third world to take the American model as the direction of development. The "1961 foreign aid act" as the institutional basis for the advancement of the alliance is one of the most typical and most important cases of the Kennedy administration on the third world economic diplomacy. This chapter also discusses the problems of deep-seated reasons and insurmountable difficulties, as well as the characteristics and influences of Johnson administration's foreign aid policy.
The sixth chapter first briefly expounds the historical origin, reality and institutional basis of the American grain diplomacy, and considers that grain diplomacy is a complementary form of American economic aid diplomacy, and is an important part of the foreign policy of the United States in the cold war period to the third world countries. The implementation and characteristics of the "peace plan", "food for peace plan through development and realization" and "food for free project".
The conclusion of the paper is: in the final analysis, in the final analysis, the logic of the cold war prompted the United States to carry out economic diplomacy to the third world countries, and thus determined the inevitability of the cold war's expansion to the world; economic diplomacy is one of the tools for the United States to realize the cold war containment strategy. The American economy is an indispensable allowance; as far as the development of the third world countries is concerned, American economic diplomacy has become an important external factor affecting the process; the economic diplomacy of the United States to the third world countries during the cold war is the essence of a new colonialism.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K712.54

【参考文献】