从列宁到戈尔巴乔夫：苏共公信力形成与丧失的逻辑

发布时间：2018-06-13 02:14

本文选题：苏联共产党 + 公信力　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2011年博士论文

【摘要】：执政党公信力是指执政党在执政过程中通过发挥自己的影响力和号召力、塑造民众信心并兑现承诺而赢得民众信任的能力,是民众对执政党认同度和信任度的反映。无产阶级政党是工人阶级夺取政权、获得解放的工具,它的力量来自人民群众的信任和支持。二十世纪初,布尔什维克成为世界上第一个赢得广大人民群众的信任并执政的无产阶级政党。在二十世纪二、三十年代,苏共领导苏联人民一国建设社会主义,仅仅用了十几年的时间就跑完了英国需要上百年、德国需要六十多年才能走完的工业化路程,成为欧洲最强大的国家。在第二次世界大战中,苏共领导苏联人民打败了德国法西斯,赢得了伟大卫国战争的胜利,为挽救人类文明做出了巨大贡献。第二次世界大战结束后,苏共的威望在国际国内空前高涨,社会主义由一国扩展到多国,形成了足以与西方资本主义阵营抗衡的强大的世界社会主义阵营。但是,在二十世纪接近尾声的时候,苏共在既没有外部打击、也没有内部强大敌人的情况下自动垮台,国际共产主义运动也因此遭受严重挫折。苏共垮台的根本原因是失去了人民的信任。苏联曾经在思想上和政治上对中国产生深刻的影响。研究苏共公信力形成与丧失的经验和教训,不仅具有重大的学术价值,而且对于加强中国共产党的建设,推进中国特色社会主义事业的发展,具有重大的现实意义。第一次世界大战使俄国经济濒临崩溃,广大人民群众生活水平迅速下降。工人、农民和士兵提出了和平、土地、面包的要求,布尔什维克的反战政策赢得了人民群众的信任。十月革命胜利后,苏维埃政权通过了《和平法令》,向一切交战国的人民和政府建议,立即缔结没有兼并没有赔款的和约。在苏维埃政府的建议遭到所有协约国的抵制的情况下,苏维埃政府单独与德奥集团开始和谈,并以巨大的代价签订了布列斯特和约。苏俄虽然丧失了近百万平方公里土地,赔款六十亿马克,但是摆脱了帝国主义战争,为人民群众赢得了宝贵的和平喘息机会。苏维埃政权实行工人监督,把土地无偿交给农民使用,保障了人民群众当家做主的民主权利。新经济政策用粮食税代替余粮征集制,国家允许农民自由支配上缴国家粮食税后剩下的农产品,使农民获得了物质刺激,推动了农民扩大经营、增加播种面积的积极性,满足了农民的面包要求。文化革命坚持唯物主义,巩固了马克思主义在俄国的指导地位。斯大林时期,联共(布)领导苏联人民一国建设社会主义,遵循两种制度和平共处的外交原则,与资本主义国家发展经济合作与贸易。在西方资本主义国家经历空前严重的经济危机的时候,苏联成为世界市场上西方技术和机器设备的最大买主。苏联的订货不仅有助于苏联的社会主义工业化,而且改善了资本主义国家的经济状况,减轻了西方国家工人失业的痛苦。当法西斯主义兴起、世界和平受到威胁的时候,苏联致力于建立欧洲集体安全体系,坚决捍卫遭受法西斯主义侵略的国家的利益。第二次世界大战爆发后,苏联成为世界反法西斯战争的主要力量,为战胜法西斯做出了决定性的贡献。苏联卫国战争胜利后,苏联忠于社会主义国际主义原则,不仅从道义上和政治上支持为民族独立而斗争的欧亚人民民主国家,而且对遭受战争损失的欧亚人民民主国家给予巨大的经济援助,为保卫世界和平做出了新的贡献,苏共公信力得到进一步提升。赫鲁晓夫时期,苏联卷入美苏军备竞赛,大力发展导弹核武器,逐渐超越了自卫的限度,先后挑起柏林危机和加勒比海危机,给世界和平带来严重威胁。在农业领域,苏联用行政命令推广玉米种植,缩减了苏联高产作物冬小麦的种植面积；改组拖拉机站,却使集体农庄背上了沉重的债务；限制自留地的生产,打击了农民的劳动积极性。由于没有把市场机制引入农业生产,苏联农业改革的最终失败,造成面包危机。在意识形态领域,苏共违背马克思主义的基本原理,提出“全民国家”和“全民党”的理论,鼓励了解冻思潮中抽象的人道主义的发展,动摇了苏共在人民心中的威信。勃列日涅夫时期,苏联在十分有利的国际国内形势下,发动了一个与美国争夺实力范围的全球性扩张攻势,甚至直接出兵阿富汗,中断了国际紧张局势缓和的进程,破坏了世界和平。由于中止了“新经济体制”改革,苏联日益复杂的计划经济体制需要更多的管理机构和增加更多的管理人员,干部队伍不断膨胀。勃列日涅夫为了保持干部队伍的稳定性,修改苏共党章第25条,为苏联特权阶层的形成创造了有利的环境。勃列日涅夫时期,苏共党内形成了一个特权阶层。这个特权阶层阻碍了社会主义民主的发展。在思想文化领域,苏共用行政手段强化意识形态控制,导致持不同政见者运动的出现,消解了苏共意识形态对人民群众的影响,苏共公信力进一步下降。戈尔巴乔夫时期,苏共制定加速发展战略,优先发展机器制造业,挤占了发展农业和轻工业的资金,加重了通货膨胀的压力,造成消费品的短缺。在加速发展战略没有达到预期的效果的情况下,戈尔巴乔夫把改革的重点转入政治领域,提出以抽象的人道主义为指导思想的“新思维”。“公开性”破坏了苏共和社会主义制度的威信,“民主化”使苏联社会主义民主演变为西方资产阶级民主。苏共放弃民主集中制的组织原则和马克思主义的指导地位,蜕变为社会民主党,降低了党组织的战斗力,斩断了维系苏联统一的纽带。民族主义趁势而起,使苏联长期被压抑的民族问题浮出水面,并迅速演化为族际冲突,造成政治局势的巨大动荡,苏共公信力完全丧失。考察苏共公信力形成与丧失的历史过程,可以得出结论：和平问题是影响苏共公信力形成与丧失的重要因素,面包问题是影响苏共公信力形成与丧失的基础因素,民主问题是影响苏共公信力形成与丧失的关键因素,意识形态问题是影响苏共公信力形成与丧失的深层因素。面包问题就是民生问题。和平、民生、民主和意识形态问题,并不是孤立的四个问题。它们有着内在的逻辑联系。只有实现社会主义民主,才能调动广大人民群众的劳动积极性,从而解决民生问题。只有在国内建设好民主,才能进而把民主推广到国际社会,实现世界和平。只有和平、民主和民生问题都得到了解决,执政党的意识形态才能得到广大群众乃至国际社会的认同,从而巩固和提升执政党的公信力。因此,民主问题是执政党赢得人民群众信任的关键因素。民主作为管理社会的形式,迄今为止,已经经历了从低级到高级的五种历史状态,即从原始社会民主、奴隶主阶级民主、封建贵族民主、资产阶级民主和无产阶级民主。随着社会主义向共产主义过渡,具有阶级性的政治民主不断向无阶级的社会民主回归。以马克思主义为指导思想的共产党是无产阶级的利益代表,是推动政治民主向社会民主回归的决定性力量。苏共的垮台,并非是马克思主义和社会主义的失败,而是苏共背叛了马克思主义,蜕变为特权阶层谋取私利的工具,最终被广大人民群众所抛弃。深刻总结苏共蜕变的历史教训,为社会主义国家执政党的建设提供有益历史镜鉴,必将推动国际共产主义运动走出低谷,获得伟大的复兴。
[Abstract]:The credibility of the ruling party refers to the ability of the ruling party to create the confidence of the people and to honor the promise by giving full play to its influence and appeal in the process of being in power. It is the reflection of the people's recognition and trust in the ruling party. The proletarian party is a tool for the working class to seize power and get emancipated, and its strength comes from the people. The trust and support of the people. In the early twentieth Century, Bull J Vic became the first proletarian party in the world to win the trust and power of the masses. In twentieth Century two and 30s, the Soviet Communist Party led the Soviet people to build socialism. It took more than a decade to run the UK for a hundred years, Germany. In the Second World War, the Soviet people defeated the German Fascist in the Second World War and won the victory of the Great Patriotic War and made great contributions to the rescue of human civilization. After the end of the Second World War, the prestige of the Soviet Communist Party was in the world. As unprecedented, socialism expanded from one country to a number of countries, forming a powerful world socialist camp enough to compete with western capitalist camps. However, when the twentieth Century came to an end, the Soviet Communist Party collapsed under the circumstances of neither external shock nor strong internal enemies, and the international communist movement suffered. The fundamental reason for the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party was the loss of the trust of the people. The Soviet Union had a profound influence on China in ideology and politics. The study of the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party was not only of great academic value, but also for strengthening the construction of the Communist Party of China and promoting the social owners of Chinese characteristics. The development of the cause of righteousness is of great practical significance.
The first World War led to the collapse of the Russian economy and the rapid decline in the living standards of the masses. Workers, farmers and soldiers raised the demands of peace, land and bread. The Bolshevik anti war policy won the trust of the people. After the victory of the October revolution, the Soviet regime passed the peace decree to all the Warring States. In the case of the boycott of the Soviet government, the Soviet government began to negotiate with the deo group alone and signed the Brest peace treaty at a huge cost. The Soviet Russia lost nearly a million square kilometers of land and reparations six billion. Mark, but got rid of the imperialist war, won the precious peace and breath opportunity for the people. The Soviet regime carried out the supervision of the workers, made the land unpaid to the farmers, and guaranteed the democratic rights of the people to be the masters of the family. The new economic policy used the grain tax instead of the surplus grain collection system, and the state allowed the farmers to freely dominate the overturned country. The remaining agricultural products after the grain tax made the farmers get material stimulation, promoted the farmers to expand their management, increased the enthusiasm of the sown area, and met the farmers' demand for bread. The Cultural Revolution persisted in materialism and consolidated the guiding position of Marx in Russia.
During the Stalin period, the United Communist Party led the Soviet people to build socialism, followed the diplomatic principles of the peaceful coexistence of the two systems, and developed economic cooperation and trade with the capitalist countries. When the western capitalist countries experienced an unprecedented serious economic crisis, the Soviet Union became the largest western technology and machine equipment in the world market. The Soviet Union's order not only helped the socialist industrialization of the Soviet Union, but also improved the economic situation of the capitalist countries and alleviated the suffering of the workers in the western countries. When fascism rose and the world peace was threatened, the Soviet Union was committed to establishing a European collective security system and resolutely defending Fascism. After the outbreak of the Second World War, the Soviet Union became the main force of the world's anti fascist war and made a decisive contribution to the defeat of fascism. After the victory of the war of the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union was loyal to the principle of socialist internationalism, which not only supported the European and Asian people who fought for national independence, both morally and politically. The democratic countries of the people's Republic of China and the huge economic assistance to the Eurasian democratic countries which suffered from the loss of war have made new contributions to the protection of world peace, and the credibility of the Communist Party has been further promoted.
During the Khrushchev period, the Soviet Union was involved in the armament competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, vigorously developing the missile nuclear weapons, gradually surpassing the limit of self-defense, and successively provoked the crisis in Berlin and the Caribbean Sea, which brought serious threat to the world peace. In the agricultural field, the Soviet Union used administrative orders to promote maize planting and reduce the planting area of the High-yield Winter Wheat in the Soviet Union. The reorganization of the tractor station has made the collective farm heavily indebtedness, and the restriction of the production of its own land has hit the enthusiasm of the peasants. Because of the failure to introduce the market mechanism to agricultural production, the final failure of the Soviet Union's agricultural reform has caused the bread crisis. In the ideological field, the Soviet Communist party violates the basic principles of Marx doctrine and puts forward the "whole" The theory of "people state" and "all the party" encouraged the development of abstract humanitarianism in the thaw trend and shook the prestige of the Soviet Communist Party in the hearts of the people.
During the Brezhnev period, the Soviet Union, under a very favorable international and domestic situation, launched a global expansion offensive to compete with the United States, even direct troops to Afghanistan, disrupted the process of easing the international tension and destroyed world peace. The Soviet Union's increasingly complex plan to discontinue the reform of the "new economic system" In order to maintain the stability of the cadre team, Brezhnev has created a favorable environment for the formation of the privileged stratum of the Soviet Union in order to maintain the stability of the cadre ranks, and has created a privileged environment for the formation of the privileged strata of the Soviet Union. In the period of Brezhnev, Brezhnev formed a privileged class in the party. The privileged class hindered the development of socialist democracy. In the ideological and cultural field, the Communist Party used administrative means to strengthen ideological control, which led to the emergence of the dissidents movement and the influence of the ideology of the Soviet Communist Party to the people, and the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party was further reduced.
During the period of Gorbachev, the Soviet Communist Party formulated the strategy of accelerating development, gave priority to the development of machine manufacturing industry, made up the funds for the development of agriculture and light industry, aggravated the pressure of inflation and caused the shortage of consumer goods. Under the circumstances that the accelerated development strategy did not achieve the expected effect, Gorbachev turned the focus of reform into the political field and put forward that The "openness" destroyed the prestige of the Soviet Communist Party and the socialist system, and the "democratization" made the socialist democracy of the Soviet Union the western bourgeois democracy. The Soviet Communist Party gave up the organizational principle of democratic centralism and the guiding position of Marx's main meaning, transformed into the Social Democratic Party, and reduced it to the Social Democratic Party. The fighting power of the party organization had been reduced and the ties of the Soviet Union were cut down. The nationalism took the advantage of the nationalism, which brought the Soviet Union's long repressed ethnic problems to the surface, and quickly evolved into inter ethnic conflicts, resulting in a huge political turmoil and the total loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party.
The historical process of investigating the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party can be concluded that the question of peace is an important factor affecting the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party. The issue of bread is the basic factor affecting the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Communist Party, and the Democratic question is the key factor affecting the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Communist Party, and the ideological problem is a shadow. The deep factors for the formation and loss of the public credibility of the Soviet Communist Party. The problem of bread is the livelihood of the people. Peace, people's livelihood, democracy and ideological issues are not isolated four problems. They have internal logical connections. Only by realizing socialist democracy can we mobilize the enthusiasm of the masses of the masses to solve the livelihood issues. In order to build a good democracy at home, we can further promote democracy to the international community and realize world peace. Only peace, democracy and people's livelihood have been solved. The ideology of the ruling party can be recognized by the masses and even the international community, thus consolidating and promoting the credibility of the ruling party. Therefore, the Democratic question is the ruling party winning the people. A key factor in the trust of the people.
As a form of managing society, democracy has so far gone through five historical states from low to high level, namely, from primitive social democracy, slave class democracy, feudal aristocratic democracy, bourgeois democracy and proletarian democracy. With the transition from socialism to communism, political democracy with class nature continues to become non class. The return of social democracy. The Communist Party, guided by Marx's doctrine, is the representative of the proletariat and the decisive force to promote the return of political democracy to social democracy. The collapse of the Soviet Communist Party is not the failure of Marx and socialism, but the Soviet Communist Party's betrayal of the Marx doctrine and the transformation of the privileged class to gain private interests. It is finally abandoned by the masses of the people. A profound summary of the historical lessons of the transformation of the Soviet Communist Party will provide a useful historical mirror for the construction of the ruling party in the socialist country, which will certainly push the international communist movement out of the valley and get a great revival.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：K512.5;D351.2

【参考文献】