“希思大转弯”与“一个民族”保守主义

发布时间：2018-06-15 12:19

本文选题：英国当代 + 竞选政治　；参考：《河南大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 希思政府(1970—1974)的经济政策经历了重大变动,因其幅度颇大,被称为“希思大转弯”。它显露出共识政治的危机,折射出许多深层次的问题。国内外学者对“希思大转弯”的研究多属短时段的政策分析,评析难免有所局限,且见仁见智。本文拟做长时段考察,探究“希思大转弯”的深层原因和其时英国政治发展的趋势。在大众民主的压力下,英国政党主动调整,以致精英政治继续存在于20世纪。加之二战后共识政治的出现,大众民主蜕变为以竞选为主的政党政治。无论是反对党还是执政党,它们只求尽快上台、尽可能长时间地执政,常常置本党意识形态、政党原则于不顾。同时,由于政府与议会关系的倒置,英国首相能够轻易地改变政策立场。扭曲的大众民主遂成为“希思大转弯”的诱因之一。对于意识形态和政党原则,英国首相和政党领袖喜之则用,恶之则弃,只为赢得竞选。19世纪中叶,大众民主兴起,“一个民族”保守主义应时而生。但二战后,它又呈现出新特征:基本上放弃了保守主义“有限政治”的传统,丢掉了谨慎稳重的精神,更注重发挥自己的竞选功能。希思将市场竞争和国家关爱并举,得到选民一时支持。但他们的注意力被过多地吸引到经济问题上,保守党却无力协调经济自由与国家干预之间的矛盾,也找不到复苏经济的有效方法。“一个民族”保守主义的新特征和自身难以克服的矛盾成了“希思大转弯”的思想根源。一定程度上,二战后的政治共识掩盖了英国政党间的差别。“一个民族”保守主义很难在竞选政治中发挥作用,以致在希思政府时期陷入困境。然而,从长时段看,在积极适应大众民主方面,“一个民族”保守主义使保守党具备了明显的优势,其历史地位应得到充分肯定。
[Abstract]:The Heath government's economic policy underwent major changes in 1970-1974, and was called "Heath's turn" because of its magnitude. It reveals the crisis of consensus politics and reflects many deep problems. Most of the researches on Heath turn at home and abroad belong to short-time policy analysis. This paper intends to make a long period of investigation to explore the deep causes of Heath's Great turn and the trend of British political development at that time. Under the pressure of popular democracy, British political parties adjusted so that elite politics continued to exist in the 20 th century. Combined with the emergence of consensus politics after World War II, popular democracy changed into party politics based on election. Whether the opposition or the ruling party, they only want to come to power as soon as possible, as long as possible, often ignore their party ideology, party principles. At the same time, the reversal of the relationship between the government and Parliament has made it easy for the prime minister to change his policy stance. The twisted popular democracy became one of the inducements of Heath's turn. For ideology and party principles, British prime ministers and party leaders use what they like, but abandon the evil, only to win the election. In the middle of the 19th century, popular democracy rose, and "one nation" conservatism came into being at the right time. But after World War II, it presents new features: it basically gives up the tradition of conservative "limited politics", loses the spirit of prudence and stability, and pays more attention to its own campaign function. Heath combines market competition and state care to win the support of voters. But their attention has been so much drawn to economic problems that the Conservatives have been unable to reconcile the contradiction between economic freedom and state intervention and find no effective way to revive the economy. The new characteristics of "one nation" conservatism and its own insurmountable contradiction have become the ideological root of Heath's turn. To some extent, the political consensus after World War II masked differences between British political parties. The "one Nation" conservatism struggled to play a role in campaign politics and was in trouble during the Heath administration. However, in the aspect of actively adapting to popular democracy for a long time, the "one nation" conservatism has made the Conservative Party have obvious advantages, and its historical position should be fully affirmed.
【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：K561.5

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