地缘政治与1947-1974年的克什米尔冲突

发布时间：2018-06-21 03:58

本文选题：地缘政治 + 查谟和克什米尔　；参考：《北京大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 克什米尔位居全球地缘政治战略要冲。克什米尔冲突是印巴矛盾的核心所在,对南亚和世界的局势具有重大影响,也关系到我国西部边疆的安定。本文通过考查克什米尔问题的来龙去脉,在掌握大量权威而可靠的中英文资料的前提下,在剖析前人研究之得失的基础上,认为地缘政治张力对其产生演变起了至关重要的作用,把微观、中观和宏观的地缘政治分析模式有机地结合起来展开论述。由于克什米尔独特的地理位置和地形地貌,在19世纪南亚北部错综复杂的国际关系背景下,英国没能把它并入英属印度,而是支持古拉伯·辛格建立了查谟和克什米尔土邦。由此该土邦形成了少数印度教徒统治多数穆斯林的政治版图,使20世纪上半期克什米尔穆斯林领导的民族主义运动与印度的民族主义运动合拍共进,却与它的穆斯林建国运动背道而驰;在印巴分治的过程中,印度土邦的归属处于无法可依的状态,国大党/印度和穆盟/巴基斯坦主要出于地缘战略考虑都预先把克什米尔纳入本国领土。这两对矛盾综合作用导致了克什米尔问题产生。从远大背景来看,地缘政治是克什米尔问题产生的历史原因。在印巴分治前后,克什米尔问题并不是一个孤立的现象,与克什米尔有着相同性质的海德拉巴和朱纳加德两个土邦的归属也成为问题。唯独克什米尔的归属不能及时得到解决,最重要的原因在于它的地理状况和民族构成,以及印巴两国力量对比的制约。军事手段没能及时解决克什米尔的归属问题,为了避免印巴全面战争,印度政府在1947年12月31日把克什米尔问题提交联合国裁决,使它滑入全球政治斗争格局之中,从此随着世界政治形势的变化而脉动。从现实因素考查,地缘政治是克什米尔问题产生和不能及时得到解决的主要原因。克什米尔问题提交联合国之后,由于印巴两国都不愿在该问题上作实质性的让步,联合国调解用和平方式来解决它以失败告终。起初,世界主要大国都不愿介入克什米尔问题,但随着亚洲地缘政治形势的变化,它们都主动或被动地卷入其中。美国企图在南亚建立遏制社会主义苏联和中国的战线,由于印度坚持“不结盟”的外交政策,它只好退而求其次,先后采取支持克什米尔独立和与巴基斯坦缔结军事同盟的政策。这迫使印度加强与中国和苏联发展友好关系,使全球冷战延伸到南亚地区。美巴军事同盟在地缘政治利益的取向上迥异,因此在1962年中印战争和1965年第二次克什米尔战争的冲击下土崩瓦解。克什米尔作为一个微观的地缘政治场,它受制于中观的南亚地缘政治场与宏观的亚洲和全球地缘政治场,随着更大地缘政治场形势的变化而变化。 1971年孟加拉战争是第二次克什米尔战争的延续。孟加拉战争是印巴两国在政治、经济和军事上的较量,以巴基斯坦惨遭失败和肢解来收场,由此而根本性地改变了南亚的地缘政治形势。孟加拉战争的结果对克什米尔问题的直接影响是1972年《西姆拉协议》和1974年《克什米尔协定》的签订,也就是说这两个法律文件是孟加拉战争结果的法律表现。因此,三者一道成为克什米尔问题发展史上的分水岭,标志它在此后进入一个新的发展阶段。简而言之,通过对克什米尔的历史(即1947年之前)、克什米尔冲突的产生(1947年)和克什米尔冲突的过程(1947-1974年)进行考查可以发现,地缘政治对克什米尔问题的产生和发展起了至关重要的作用。
[Abstract]:Kashmir is the key point of the global geopolitical strategy. The Kashmir conflict is the core of the India Pakistan contradiction. It has a great influence on the situation in South Asia and the world and the stability of the western frontier in China. This article is based on the examination of the origin of the Kashmir problem and the premise of mastering a large quantity of authoritative and reliable Chinese and English information. Based on the analysis of the pros and cons of previous studies on the evolution of geopolitical tension that have played a crucial role, put on the micro, meso and macro geopolitical pattern of organic analysis is discussed.
Owing to the unique geographical location and topography of Kashmir, under the complex international relations of northern South Asia in nineteenth Century, the British failed to incorporate it into British India, but supported Golab Singh to establish the state of David and Kashmir, thus forming a political map of the majority of Muslims ruled by India. The nationalist movement, led by Kashmir Muslims in the first half of the twentieth Century and the nationalist movement in India, ran counter to its Muslim national movement. In the process of India and Pakistan, the ownership of India is in a state of inability to depend on. The National Congress Party / India and moau / Pakistan are mainly based on the geo strategic test. Consider all advance the Kashmir into its territory. On the two contradictions resulted in the Kashmir issue. From the broad background, geopolitics is the historical reason for emergence of Kashmir issue.
The Kashmir issue is not an isolated phenomenon before and after the division of India and Pakistan. The two native states of Hyderabad and Giulia Najar De, which have the same nature as Kashmir, have become a problem. Only Kashmir is not settled in time. The most important reason is its geographical condition and national composition, and India and Pakistan. In order to avoid the comprehensive war of India and Pakistan, the government of India submitted the Kashmir issue in December 31, 1947 to the United Nations decision in order to slip into the global political struggle, and then fluctuate with the changes in the political situation in the world. Geopolitics is the main reason why Kashmir problem can not be solved in time.
After the submission of the Kashmir issue to the United Nations, since both India and Pakistan are reluctant to make substantial concessions on this issue, the United Nations mediation has failed to resolve it in a peaceful way. At first, the major powers of the world were unwilling to intervene in the Kashmir issue, but they were actively or passively involved in the change of the geopolitical situation in Asia. Among them, the United States attempted to set up a war line to contain the socialist Soviet Union and China in South Asia. Because of India's adherence to the foreign policy of "non alignment", it had to retreat and pursue the policy of supporting Kashmir independence and the establishment of a military alliance with Pakistan. This forced India to strengthen its friendly relations with China and the Soviet Union, so that it could make it possible for all of them to develop friendly relations with the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union. The cold war extended to the region of South Asia. The MBA military alliance was different in geopolitical interests, so it collapsed under the impact of the Sino Indian War in 1962 and the second Kashmir war in 1965. As a microcosmic geopolitical field, Kashmir was subject to the meso South Asian Geopolitical field and the macro Asia and the world. Geopolitical field changes with the change of geopolitical situation.
The Bangladesh war was the continuation of the second Kashmir war in 1971. The Bangladesh war was a political, economic and military contest between India and Pakistan, which ended with the defeat and dismemberment of Pakistan, which fundamentally changed the geopolitical situation in South Asia. The direct impact of the Bangladesh war on Kashmir was 19. The signing of the 72 years of the Simla agreement and the Kashmir agreement in 1974 means that the two legal documents are the legal manifestations of the results of the Bangladesh war. Therefore, the three have become a watershed in the history of Kashmir, marking its entry into a new stage of development.
In short, the history of Kashmir (ie before 1947), produced the Kashmir conflict (1947) and the Kashmir conflict process (1947-1974 years) were examined to be found, played a crucial role in the emergence and development of Kashmir geopolitics.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：K153

【引证文献】