美国对东欧政策研究（1955—1968）

发布时间：2018-06-22 14:04

本文选题：美国东欧 + “解放”政策　；参考：《复旦大学》2004年博士论文

【摘要】：关于冷战时期美国对东欧政策的研究，国内学术界取得的成果相对较少，国外学者虽然较为重视这一课题，但也多是泛泛言之，其著述通常时间跨度都比较大，基本上纵贯整个冷战年代。而具体到美国对东欧“演变”政策的专题研究，国内外除了相关的几篇论文以外，有关的专著我还没有见到。本文主要在研读美国近年已经解密的外交档案的基础上，从美国对东欧外交政策决策角度，分析和论证美国对东欧“演变”政策的形成、确立以及初期阶段的实施情况，以求更为全面和深入地了解冷战年代美国对东欧政策。东欧八个社会主义国家在冷战年代具有极其重要的地位，它们不仅是苏联与美国对抗的坚定同盟和合作伙伴，也是苏联维护东西方战略平衡的重要筹码。因此，美国极其重视对东欧政策，试图通过取得对东欧政策的胜利来分化瓦解社会主义阵营，孤立和打击苏联，最终获得冷战的胜利。因此，战后美国历届政府都努力寻求制定一项促进东欧国家脱离苏联阵营，并最终放弃社会主义制度的政策，杜鲁门政府的遏制政策和艾森豪威尔政府前期的“解放”政策，都是为了实现这一目标而采取的不同策略。然而，随着1955年美苏冷战缓和步伐的加快，美苏关系真正由对抗走向了对话，苏联与东欧的关系也由严厉的单方面的绝对控制向温和的合作方向发展。在这种新的国际形势下，具有挑衅性的“解放”政策不仅不能带来良好的效果，而且，还可能恶化美苏关系，阻碍冷战缓和进程，甚至会挑起冲突乃至战争。因而自1955年以后，美国依然在以“解放”政策为主导的前提下，开始逐渐审视和调整对东欧政策，到1956年秋，由于波兰事件和匈牙利事件，美国彻底地抛弃了“解放”东欧的幻想，转而寻求一项适合新的国际形势的并具有现实可操作性的对东欧政策。 1958年5月，国家安全委员会制定并通过了NSC5811／1文件，该文件是美国对东欧国家政策的纲领性文件，它标志着“演变”政策的正式确立。美国对东欧“演变”的新政策与以前的“解放”政策有着本质的区别，它放弃了对东欧国家共产党政权敌视的态度，也抛弃了通过东欧国家民众的起义来推翻现行政府的幻想，主张通过与东欧国家建立和加强正常的政治、经济和文化联系来鼓励和促使东欧国家逐渐脱离苏联的控制，最终完成向西方资本主义制度“演变”。艾森豪威尔政府的成就是确立了“演变”政策，使其成为以后历届政府对东欧的基本政策。在其任内，除了美国与波兰和南斯拉夫的关系尤其是经济贸易有了一定程度的发展之外，由于该时期属于“演变”政策的起步阶段，美国与东欧国家的关系主要局限在协商建立正常的外交关系的领域。而肯尼迪和约翰逊政府时期，美国与东欧国家关系则主要表现在经济贸易领域。由于东欧国家主要对发展与美国的经济贸易关系感兴趣，因此发展贸易关系成为美国向东欧推行“演变” 政策的主要手段。然而，面对日益扩大的美国与东欧国家关系，自杜鲁门政府时期确立的遏制和削弱社会主义国家力量的贸易管制政策成为双方关系进一步发展和扩大的首要障碍，因此，肯尼迪和约翰逊政府都试图对现行的贸易管制政策进行修订，然而由于各种原因都没有获得成功。 1958年初至1 968年底，属于美国对东欧“演变”政策初步实践的阶段。在这一阶段，由于贸易管制政策及其立法的阻碍，也由于以国会为主的反共产主义思潮在国内占有很大的市场，，致使行政当局推行该政策的时候，只能在不触动当时的贸易管制法案的前提下进行，做一些边缘性的工作。而约翰逊届满标志着美国对东欧的“演变”政策初级阶段的完成。1969年开始的尼克松政府大幅度地调整了美国对东欧政策，尤其是修改了贸易管制政策，标志着美国对东欧社会主义国家的“演变”政策进入了新的阶段。美国对东欧“演变”政策是美国基于现实的诸多考虑和顾忌而实施的一项对东欧社会主义国家的基本政策，其目的是促使东欧国家向美国所期望的政策目标演变，因此其政策及其行为都是“政治”性的，具有强烈的意识形态色彩，都是为冷战服务的。这导致了美国与东欧国家发展关系的时候患得患失、仿徨不前，这也是这一时期该政策的进展不大、成果有限的基本原因。相反，西欧国家在与东欧发展关系的时候更加注重经济利益因素，从而使西欧国家在发展与东欧的关系方面走在了美国的前面。
[Abstract]:With regard to the study of the American policy on Eastern Europe during the cold war, the achievements made by the domestic academia are relatively small. Although foreign scholars have paid more attention to this subject, they are generally speaking, and their writings usually span a large span of time, basically through the cold war. On the basis of studying the diplomatic files that have been deciphered in the United States in recent years, this article analyzes and demonstrates the formation, establishment and implementation of the "evolution" policy of the United States to Eastern Europe on the basis of studying the diplomatic files that have been deciphered in the United States in recent years. For a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the US policy towards Eastern Europe in the Cold War era.
The eight socialist countries in Eastern Europe have an extremely important position in the Cold War era. They are not only a firm alliance and partner of the Soviet Union against the United States, but also an important bargaining chip for the Soviet Union to maintain the strategic balance of the East and the West. Therefore, the United States attaches great importance to the policy of Eastern Europe and tries to disintegrate the society with the victory of the Eastern European policy. The camp of Marxism isolated and attacked the Soviet Union and finally won the cold war.
Therefore, after the war, all the governments of the United States have sought to formulate a policy to promote Eastern European countries to break away from the Soviet Camp and finally give up the socialist system. The policy of containment of the Truman administration and the "liberation" policy of the early Eisenhower administration are all different strategies to achieve this goal. The pace of the Soviet Union's cold war has speeded up. The relations between the United States and the Soviet Union have gone into dialogue, and the relations between the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe also developed from strict unilateral absolute control to the direction of mild cooperation. In this new international situation, a provocative "liberation" policy can not only bring good results, but also, it may also deteriorate the United States and the Soviet Union. Relations, impeding the process of the cold war and even provoking conflict and even war. Since 1955, the United States, under the precondition of "Emancipation", began to gradually examine and adjust its policy to Eastern Europe. By the autumn of 1956, the United States completely abandoned the fantasy of "emancipating" Eastern Europe because of the Poland incident and the Hungarian incident. We need to find a realistic and feasible East European policy suitable for the new international situation.
In May 1958, the National Security Council made and passed the NSC5811 / 1 document, which was a programmatic document of the United States' policy to Eastern European countries. It marked the formal establishment of the "evolution" policy. The United States' new policy on "evolution" in Eastern Europe was essentially different from the former "liberation" policy, and it gave up communism to Eastern European countries. The hostile attitude of the party regime also abandoned the fantasy of overthrowing the current government through the uprising of the Eastern European countries, and advocated the establishment and strengthening of normal political, economic and cultural ties with the Eastern European countries to encourage and encourage Eastern European countries to gradually escape from the control of the Soviet Union and eventually "evolve" to the western capitalist system.
The achievement of the Eisenhower administration is to establish the "evolution" policy and make it the basic policy of successive governments to Eastern Europe. In its appointment, in addition to the development of the relationship between the United States and Poland and Yugoslavia, especially the economic and trade, the United States and Eastern Europe are the beginning of the "evolution" policy. The relationship between the state is mainly confined to the field of establishing normal diplomatic relations. While the Kennedy and Johnson governments, the relations between the United States and the Eastern European countries are mainly in the field of economic and trade.
The exhibition is interested in the economic and trade relations of the United States, so the development of trade relations has become the "evolution" of the US towards Eastern Europe.
The main means of policy. However, in the face of the growing relationship between the United States and Eastern European countries, from the time of the Truman administration,
The establishment of a trade control policy to curb and weaken the strength of socialist countries has become a further development of bilateral relations.
The first obstacle to expansion and expansion is that the Kennedy and Johnson governments try to control the existing trade policy.
For revision, however, it has not been successful for various reasons.
From the beginning of 1958 to the end of 1968, it belongs to the stage of initial practice of "evolution" policy in Eastern Europe.
At this stage, the trade control policy and its legislation are hindered, as well as the anti communism based on Congress.
The trend of thought occupies a large market in China, so that when the administration implements the policy, it can not be touched.
At the time of the trade control bill, we do some marginal work. Johnson's expiry marks the United States.
China's completion of the primary stage of the "evolution" policy in Eastern Europe began in the.1969 Nixon government.
The US policy towards Eastern Europe has been adjusted, especially the trade control policy.
The "evolution" policy of the righteous countries has entered a new stage.
The United States' policy of "evolution" to Eastern Europe is a pair of policies implemented by the United States on the basis of many realistic considerations and considerations.
The basic policy of Eastern European socialist countries is to promote the policy objectives of Eastern European countries to the United States.
Therefore, its policies and actions are "political" and have strong ideological color.
It served the cold war, which led to the development of relations between the United States and Eastern European countries.
This is also the basic reason for the limited progress and limited results of the policy in this period.
In the course of developing relations in Eastern Europe, we paid more attention to economic factors and made western European countries develop ties with Eastern Europe.
The Department is in front of the United States.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K712

【引证文献】