十七世纪俄国在西伯利亚的管理

发布时间：2018-07-03 07:48

本文选题：早期 + 西伯利亚　；参考：《黑龙江省社会科学院》2005年硕士论文

【摘要】： 16世纪下半叶,统一的俄国侵略性不断增强,将矛头指向毛皮王国——西伯利亚,因为毛皮可以在国际市场上出售,赚取巨额利润,补充俄国军政开支,并满足贵族奢侈生活的需要。1581年,叶尔马克率兵出征西伯利亚汗国,由于俄国的武器较西伯利亚当地居民更先进,当地居民居住分散,力量不统一,再加上俄国军队利用西伯利亚有利的地形,在不到一个世纪的时间里,就占领了西伯利亚广垠的土地。在征服西伯利亚的过程中,为了有效地统治已占领地区及占领新土地,俄国在莫斯科中央建立西伯利亚衙门,作为统筹制定管理西伯利亚政策的机构。在西伯利亚地方建立督军辖区、县、乡三级管理体制并设立督军、副督军、书吏官等各级官员。17世纪末,西伯利亚共有4个督军辖区、19个县,此外下面还有西伯利亚当地居民、俄罗斯人的乡。俄国征服西伯利亚主要是为了掠夺它的毛皮资源,所以俄国在占领西伯利亚后,便开始向当地居民征收实物税,主要是毛皮,当地居民每年要向俄国缴纳大量的毛皮。此外俄国政府为了防止商人与其争夺利润,在西伯利亚要道上设立关卡,向过往商人征收什一税。除了实物税,西伯利亚当地居民和迁移过去的俄罗斯人还要向政府交纳各种赋税,沉重的捐税不断激起当地居民的反抗,大大地打击了俄国的侵略气焰。俄国军队之所以能快速地占领西伯利亚,与其军事组织也是有关的。俄国征服西伯利亚的军事组织分为两层,上层是贵族,下层是士兵。贵族包括督军、小贵族等,士兵包括射击军、哥萨克等。上层享有许多特权,对下层具有管理权力,制定了一些规章制度。俄国这些军役人员在征服西伯利亚过程中发挥了巨大作用。俄国在征服西伯利亚中建立的早期管理制度虽然简单、原始,并具有很强的军事性,对西伯利亚的经济建设没有多大作用,但是对俄国却是行之有效的,俄国从西伯利亚掠夺了大量毛皮,解决了财政紧缺的问题。同时早期的管理制度也为后来俄国统治西伯利亚奠定了基础。
[Abstract]:In the second half of the 16th century, unified Russia became more aggressive and directed its finger at the fur kingdom, Siberia, because fur could be sold on the international market, making huge profits and supplementing Russia's military and political expenses. In 1581, Yermak led his troops to the Siberian khanate. Because Russia's weapons were more advanced than those of Siberia's local residents, the local residents lived in scattered and disunified forces. Combined with the advantage of Siberia, Russian troops seized the vast expanse of Siberia in less than a century. In the process of conquering Siberia, in order to effectively rule the occupied areas and occupy new lands, Russia set up Siberian Yamen in the center of Moscow as the institution to make and manage the Siberian policy as a whole. At the end of the 17th century, Siberia had four adversaries, 19 counties, and the local residents of Siberia. A Russian township. Russia conquered Siberia mainly in order to plunder its fur resources, so after the occupation of Siberia, Russia began to levy a real tax on the local people, mainly fur, the local residents have to pay a large amount of fur to Russia every year. In addition, in order to prevent businessmen from competing for profits, the Russian government set up checkpoints on Siberian roads and levied tithes on past businessmen. In addition to the physical taxes, Siberian residents and former Russians have to pay taxes to the government. The heavy tax has incited the local people to resist, which has dealt a blow to Russia's aggression. The Russian army's rapid capture of Siberia is also linked to its military organization. The Russian military organization that conquered Siberia was divided into two levels: the upper class was aristocrats and the lower were soldiers. The aristocrats include the governor, the little aristocrats, and the soldiers, including the shooters and Cossacks. The upper level enjoys many privileges, has management power over the lower levels, and formulates some rules and regulations. These Russian soldiers played a great role in conquering Siberia. Although the early management system established by Russia in the course of conquering Siberia was simple, primitive, and had a strong military character and had little effect on the economic construction of Siberia, it was effective to Russia. Russia plundered a lot of fur from Siberia and solved the problem of financial shortage. At the same time, the early management system also laid the foundation for the later Russian rule over Siberia.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江省社会科学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：K512.33

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