埃琉息斯秘仪研究

发布时间：2018-07-09 14:51

本文选题：埃琉息斯秘仪 + 珀尔塞福涅　；参考：《南开大学》2009年博士论文

【摘要】： 埃琉息斯秘仪是古希腊的一种神秘宗教仪式,崇拜的神祗有得墨忒耳、珀尔塞福涅和伊阿库斯。它的具体细节和启示意义对未入会者严格保密,不得以任何方式泄露,亵渎者将被判处死刑。因此,古典作家诸如希罗多德、狄奥多鲁斯、波桑尼阿斯等虽对秘仪有所提及,却都语焉不详。本文根据古代文献和现有的研究成果,对其大致面貌作了尽可能的复原。从崇拜对象及其反映的信仰与观念上看,埃琉息斯秘仪以地母神和冥神为崇拜对象,通过珀尔塞福涅农业女神、秘仪之神与冥后的三重身份,将农业生产、来世幸福与秘仪巧妙地结合在一起。因此,埃琉息斯秘仪是生殖力崇拜、阴间崇拜、来世幸福观和死而复生观的集中体现。从仪式构成上看,埃琉息斯秘仪可以分为小秘仪和大秘仪两部分。小秘仪是大秘仪的准备,主要由献祭、净化、跳圣舞等活动构成。小秘仪的核心是净化,去除申请入会者肉体和意识上的一切罪孽,为入会神圣的大秘仪做准备。大秘仪的活动主要包括运送圣物到雅典,在雅典举行献祭、净化、祈祷和跳圣舞,纪念医药神的节庆,伊阿库斯节,在埃琉息斯举行禁食、净化和神秘的入会仪式等。入会仪式是来世幸福能否实现的关键。但由于埃琉息斯秘仪的严格保密性,其入会仪式高潮阶段的核心内容至今仍未揭晓,目前已有的结论多属推测。从祭司的构成与职责上看,埃琉息斯秘仪的主祭司例如传秘师、火炬手、传令官等都选自欧摩尔波斯和克里克斯两大家族,他们各司其职,精于自己的宗教知识。他们的社会地位极高,罗马时期甚至获得了神圣的地位。作为一种延续长达近2000年之久的宗教文化现象,埃琉息斯秘仪的发展演变无疑是与古希腊社会历史的发展与变革紧密联系在一起的。迈锡尼时代是埃琉息斯秘仪产生的时期。古希腊神话传说和现代的考古发掘都显示了它大约产生于公元前15世纪。关于它的起源地,争议较大,目前尚无定论,主要包括埃及说、色雷斯说和希腊说。这三种观点都不无道理,但都未将埃琉息斯秘仪的起源问题彻底解释清楚。埃琉息斯秘仪的产生应有着深刻的社会历史根源。公元前15—前14世纪希腊躁动不安的社会局势是其产生的社会根源;远古地母神崇拜和蛇女神崇拜是其产生的基础;克里特宗教中的婴孩崇拜、神婚、洞穴祭仪等是其产生的重要条件。所以,埃琉息斯秘仪的产生是本土因素与外来宗教因素交流融合的结果。荷马时代是埃琉息斯秘仪持续存在和发展的时期。阿提卡免遭多利亚人的侵入为秘仪的延续提供了继续存在发展的历史机遇。考古发掘出的神庙遗址证明了秘仪在埃琉息斯本地的连续性。某些希腊殖民城市模仿埃琉息斯建立得墨忒耳秘仪则表明秘仪已经传播到希腊本土之外。古风—古典时期是埃琉息斯秘仪的兴盛发展期。雅典城邦政府在其中发挥了至关重要的作用。埃琉息斯神庙的扩建、入会者范围的扩大以及秘仪管理机制的完善都离不开城邦政府的直接参与和大力支持。希腊化—罗马时期是埃琉息斯秘仪的蜕变与衰落期。马其顿、罗马统治者对埃琉息斯秘仪的青睐促进了这一时期秘仪的繁盛,使之具有了一定的世界意义。但王权的介入破坏了埃琉息斯秘仪的传统,主要体现在王者崇拜的引入、私人出资代表雅典城邦献祭的盛行以及传秘师等主祭司地位的神圣化。仪式传统的破坏与希腊城邦衰落的政治命运息息相通,因此,当基督教兴起时,发生蜕变的埃琉息斯秘仪在生存空间受到挤压的同时也失去了发展的原动力。公元395年圣殿的被毁标志着埃琉息斯秘仪历史命运的终结。埃琉息斯秘仪是古代秘仪活动的典型,它在发展过程中形成了自己的特点:一、秘仪管理机制包括城邦政府和祭司的双重管理。二、形成了专业化与特权化的祭司群体。三、拥有广泛的社会基础。四、仪式禁忌具有浓厚的政治色彩。五、强调“入会即是一切”的宗教理念。作为一种具有广泛社会基础的、又有悠久历史的宗教现象与社会现象,埃琉息斯秘仪对古希腊的社会、政治、文化都产生了重要影响。它在一定程度上增强了雅典在希腊世界的影响,有利于希腊人民族认同感的增强和社会的和谐稳定,同时促进了古希腊文化的繁荣;对古希腊其他地区秘仪、甚至对早期基督教的发展也起了一定的推动作用。
[Abstract]:The arkite is a mysterious religious ritual in ancient Greece. The gods of worship are Mont, Perle, and iakus. The details and revelations are strictly confidential to those who have not been admitted. They are not allowed to be leaked in any way, and the blasphemes will be sentenced to death. Therefore, classical writers such as Ciro Dodd, Theodoros, and pangasan. Although Nias and others have mentioned the secret instrument, they are all in a vague state. Based on the ancient literature and existing research results, this article has made the most possible recovery.
From the object of worship and the belief and concept reflected, the arkian constipation is admired by the goddess of earth and the God of Hades. Through the three identity of the goddess of agriculture in Perle, the goddess of constipation and the afterlife, the agricultural production, the happiness of the afterlife and the secret instrument are ingeniously combined. The idea of happiness in the afterlife and the centralization of the view of the rebirth of death.
From the ritual composition, the ritual instrument can be divided into two parts: the small constipation instrument and the great secret instrument. The small secret instrument is the preparation of the great secret instrument, mainly composed of sacrifice, purification, and the dance of the holy dance. The core of the small secret instrument is to purify, remove all the sins of the applicant's body and consciousness, prepare for the sacred great constipation instrument. The movement mainly includes transporting holy things to Athens, offering sacrifices, purifying, praying and dances in Athens, commemorating the festival of the medical God, the I Accu J Festival, and the ceremonies of fasting, purification and mystery in ilrite. The entry ceremony is the key to the realization of the happiness of the afterlife. But because of the strict confidentiality of the arkite constipation, its admission ceremony The core content of the climax stage has not yet been announced, and the existing conclusions are mostly conjectures.
From the composition and duties of the priests, the chief priests of the erilian constipation, such as the secretarial division, the torchbearer, and the messenger, were selected from the two families of O Moore Bos and Crick. They were different from their own religious knowledge. Their social status was very high, and the Rome period even gained a sacred place.
As a religious and cultural phenomenon that lasted for nearly 2000, the development and evolution of the ilyusi constipation is closely linked to the development and change of the ancient Greek social history.
The era of Mycenae was the time of the ekris constipation. Ancient Greek myths and legends and modern archaeological excavations showed that it was produced about fifteenth Century BC. The origin of its origin was disputed, and there was no final conclusion, mainly Egypt, Thrace and Greece. These three views were all justified, but none of them took eilyusi. The origin of the constipation is completely explained. The emergence of the ekris constipation should have profound social and historical roots. The social root of the agitated social situation in Greece from 15 to fourteenth Century BC was the social root cause; the foundation of the worship of the goddess and the snake goddess in ancient times; the baby worship, the divine marriage and the cave in the krate religion. Cave ceremonies and other ceremonies are important conditions for their formation. Therefore, the emergence of the ilois Si Mi instrument is the result of the integration of local factors and foreign religious factors.
The Homer era is a period of continuous existence and development of the eilyuss constipation. Ataka is free from the invasion of the Doria for the continuation of the constipation, which provides a historical opportunity to continue to develop. The archaeological site of the archeological excavation proves the continuity of the constipation in the eilrite. The ear secretaries show that the secret instrument has spread to the Greek mainland.
The ancient style - the classical period was the prosperous development period of the arkus secretaries. The city state government of Athens played a vital role. The expansion of the ekrites temple, the expansion of the scope of the enrollees and the perfection of the management mechanism of the constipation can not be separated from the direct participation and strong support of the city state government.
The period of Hellenistic and Rome was the metamorphosis and decline period of the elikus constipation. The favor of the rulers of Macedonia and Rome to the elikus secretaries promoted the prosperity of the constipation in this period, and made it a certain world significance. But the intervention of the royal power destroyed the tradition of the elikus constipation, which was mainly embodied in the introduction of the worship of the king and the private out. The vogue on behalf of the Athens city state sacrifices and the sanctity of the status of the priestess, such as the secretaries, is closely linked with the political fate of the decline of the Greek city state. Therefore, when Christianity rose, the transformation of the arkite constipation lost the motive force of development at the same time that the living space was squeezed. The temple of 395 A.D. The destruction of it marked the end of the historical fate of the ilois.
The esrus constipation is typical of the ancient constipation activities. It forms its own characteristics in the process of development: first, the management mechanism of the constipation includes the dual management of the city state government and the priesthood. Two, the professional and privileged priesthood has been formed. Three, with a broad social basis. Four, ritual taboos have strong political color. Five, emphasizing " Admission is the religious idea of everything.
As a religious phenomenon and social phenomenon with a broad social basis and a long history, the ilyusi constipation has an important influence on the society, politics and culture of ancient Greece. To a certain extent, it has enhanced the influence of Athens in the Greek world, which is beneficial to the enhancement of the Greek people's recognition and the harmony and stability of the society. It promoted the prosperity of ancient Greek culture, and played a certain role in promoting the development of early Christianity in other parts of ancient Greece.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：K125

【参考文献】