神谕与希罗多德的叙事

发布时间：2018-07-23 09:12

【摘要】：本文将借用叙事学的理论,以《历史》中的四个神谕故事为例,考察希罗多德如何叙述历史,并探讨神谕在其文本叙事中的作用。从吕底亚故事来看,希罗多德应用预述、倒述、缓述和重述等多种手法来叙事,这些都以神谕的应验为前提。因此,他在叙述中呈现的是相信神谕的态度。但当今一些学者从历史考证的角度指出,希罗多德所引用的神谕大多是不真实的。然而,如若回到古希腊的语境中,我们就会发现,希罗多德记载的神谕故事是大众所认可的“真实”过去。另外,他的叙事话语中还有许多以人为中心的历史叙述与分析。从库列涅殖民故事来看,希罗多德分别从特拉人和库列涅人这两个视角进行叙说。尽管其中涉及的都是神谕如何应验的经过,但他们的记忆却不一致,这与各自不同的地方传说有关。通过不同视角的展示,我们可以发现隐含的历史：特拉想要保持子邦与自已的从属关系；库列涅却追求独立自主的发展。希罗多德采用多重视角的原因有两个：一是无法对已植入口述传统中的神谕作出判断；二是没有受到库列涅历史或现实政治的影响。从科林斯僭主的故事来看,其中有不同的叙述者与受述者。从神谕本身来看,叙述者是皮提娅女祭司,受述者是科林斯贵族。人们在获得神谕后反应如下：埃爱提昂满足于求得子嗣；巴齐斯家族试图加害这个孩子；库普赛洛斯攻取科林斯成为僭主。从故事的演说语境来看,叙述者是索克列斯,受述者是伯罗奔尼撒同盟的盟友。索克列斯通过这个故事成功说服了盟友不要恢复雅典的僭主制。从全文来看,叙述者是希罗多德,受述者是读者。一方面,希罗多德将演说的内容展示在读者面前,邀请读者来自主解读；另一方面,他表述了对僭主制的看法,即僭主制位于“自由”的对立面。从木墙神谕故事来看,希罗多德在叙述中使用了不同人称。第一人称评论是希罗多德对雅典的评价;皮提娅与雅典人的直接对话再现了当时的场景,便利地呈现了神谕；第三人称叙述展示了后续内容,尤其是引入重要人物地米斯托克利。值得注意的是,第一人称介入显现了希罗多德的声音,对话场景和第三人称叙述隐藏了他的声音,但都表现出对雅典的赞赏。此外,他在文本中突出雅典人在希波战争中为希腊自由所做的贡献,这反衬了“当时代”雅典奴役他国的行为。以上神谕故事体现出各自不同的特点,但都以神谕的应验为前提。换言之,希罗多德以神谕及其应验来构筑此类叙事。需要注意的是,他不是在提供颂扬神谕的传说,而是记载人类过去的事迹。
[Abstract]:Based on the theory of narratology and taking the four oracle stories in History as an example, this paper examines how Herodotus narrates history and explores the role of the oracle in the narration of his text. According to the story of Lydia, Herodotus uses many techniques, such as prescription, inversion, summarization and restatement, which are based on the fulfillment of the oracle. Thus, in his narration he presents an attitude of believing in the oracle. However, some scholars point out that most of the oracles quoted by Herodotus are untrue. However, if we go back to the Greek context, we will find that Herodotus's oracle story is a popular "true" past. In addition, there are many human-centered historical narration and analysis in his narrative discourse. From the colonial story of Curigne, Herodotus narrates from the perspectives of the Tlatans and the Coulinians, respectively. Although they are concerned with how the oracle is fulfilled, their memories are not consistent, which is related to different local legends. Through the display of different perspectives, we can find hidden history: Tara wants to maintain the subordinate relationship between the sub-states and himself, while Kurenne pursues independent development. There are two reasons for Herodotus' adoption of multiple perspectives: one is the inability to judge the oracle which has been implanted in the oral tradition; the other is that he is not influenced by the history or realistic politics of Curegne. From the story of Collins tyrant, there are different narrators and narrators. From the oracle itself, the narrator is the Pittia priestess, and the narrator is the Corinth aristocrat. After receiving the oracle, the people reacted as follows: Etion was content to get an heir; the Basis family tried to injure the child; and Kupthelos captured Collins as the tyrant. In the context of the story, the narrator is Sokreus and the narrator is an ally of the Peloponnesian League. Through this story, Sokreus succeeded in persuading allies not to restore the Athenian tyrant. From the full text, the narrator is Herodotus, the narrator is the reader. On the one hand, Herodotus presents the content of the speech to the reader, inviting the reader to come from the main interpretation; on the other hand, he expresses his view of the tyrant system, that is, the blasphemy is the opposite of "freedom". From the story of the Wood Wall oracle, Herodotus uses different people in his narration. The first person comment is Herodotus' assessment of Athens; the direct dialogue between Pithia and the Athenians reproduces the scene and conveniently presents the oracle; the third person narration shows what follows. In particular, the introduction of important people to the Mistokley. It is worth noting that the first person intervention shows Herodotus's voice, the dialogue scene and the third person narration hide his voice, but all show the appreciation to Athens. In addition, he highlights the Athenian contribution to Greece's freedom in the Hippo War, which contrasts the "era" of Athens's enslavement of other countries. The above oracle stories reflect their different characteristics, but they are based on the fulfillment of the oracle. In other words, Herodotus constructed such narratives with the oracle and its fulfillment. It is important to note that he is not providing legends to glorify the oracle, but to record the past of mankind.
【学位授予单位】：复旦大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K12

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