中世纪英国国王借贷活动研究（公元11-15世纪）

发布时间：2018-07-24 16:08

【摘要】： “借贷”一词产生于私有制出现以后,在东西方都有着悠久的历史。借贷资本来源于商人、宗教机构和官吏,主要运用于生活和生产消费,在一定程度上为债务人提供了便利,同时也为放贷人赚取利润提供了可能。西欧历史上最早从事大规模信贷业务的是犹太人。这是由于基督徒们很少参与高利贷事务,而犹太人则不受基督教禁止高利贷的法律限制。随着商业活动的不断发展,西欧社会中又出现了越来越多的资金借贷需求。于是,犹太人便自然而然地填补了这一空白。但是犹太人借贷所获丰厚的财富很快便引起了王侯贵族们的垂涎,他们最终以各种名目向犹太人征收高额税款来榨取犹太人的资本,甚至将犹太人驱逐出境。犹太人的奇思妙想解决了日耳曼世界里的种种问题,最终被日耳曼人所借鉴。借贷活动在西欧民间得到盛行。从亨利二世开始出现了对国王借贷活动的记载,借贷的原因往往是为了应付连年的战争、行政费用以及宫廷的巨额供给。因为随着社会经济的不断发展,国王的王领收入以及各项特权收入已经远远无法应付日益增长的各项开支。再加上英国传统中的“有限王权”理念使得英国的赋税征收体系很不完善,国王必须通过议会的批准才能征收税款,征收时间往往很长,款额不多,无法应付紧急情况。于是,借贷这种新的筹款方式便在王室中开始被广泛应用。从爱德华一世开始,国王开始系统地利用借贷这一理财方法。为了获得贷款,国王不惜将一些商业特权赋予借款给国王的银行家或者商人。能够为国王提供贷款的人员主要包括：意大利银行、本国商人、教会和修道院。除了收取巨额的利息以外,通过向国王提供贷款,他们还可以掌握英国许多商业垄断特权,比如：羊毛的出口关税。国王往往以关税作为担保而向其进行借贷,这样既可以贷到不足之款,又避免了由于官员渎职或贪婪而造成的关税管理漏洞。为了与外国商人争夺商业垄断特权,本国商人在个人资金不够雄厚的前提下,纷纷组成辛迪加集体为国王提供贷款,而教会和修道院为国王提供贷款的目的主要是为了获得廉价的地产。在国王与意大利银行以及本国商人之间的交易中,国王永远把握着主动权。他们曾经也有过非常甜蜜的时期,但最终的关系都以利益的失衡而宣告终结。些意大利银行因此而破产,本国商人也认识到了贷款给国王的危险性。当黑死病袭击英国以后,英国的经济受到了严重的冲击。同时,由于贸易结构的转型,英国的关税大幅降低了。国王的借贷活动因此而受到了阻碍,并于1485年宣布结束。纵观中世纪英国历代国王的借贷活动,国王通过借贷缓解了财政困难,但同时也丧失了很多既得利益,比如关税收益的丧失、羊毛垄断权等,加之,君主们的贷款数额往往十分巨大,很难一次性偿还,不得不采取从其他地方另行借贷来补充的方式进行偿还,这就造成了国王借贷的扩大化。然而这一行为却无形中为英国垄断资本的发展提供了可能。国王向国内商人的借贷行为促进了英国羊毛贸易“集散地”制度的发展,爱德华二世也因此被称为英国的“集散地之父”。
[Abstract]:After the emergence of the private system, the word "loan" has a long history in both East and West. The loan capital is derived from businessmen, religious institutions and officials, mainly used in life and production and consumption, to some extent, provides the convenience for the debtors, and also provides the possibility for the lenders to make a profit.
The first large credit business in Western Europe was Jewish. This is because Christians are rarely involved in usury, while Jews are not subject to the legal restrictions on the prohibition of usury. With the continuous development of commercial activities, more and more money and loan needs have emerged in Western European society. Thus, the Jews are natural. But the rich wealth of the Jewish people's loan was soon caused by the covetous of the princes and nobles, who eventually levied high taxes on the Jews to extract the Jews' capital and even expel the Jews. It was used by the Germanic people. Borrowing activities were popular in Western Europe. From Henry II, the records of the king's lending activities were recorded. The reasons for borrowing were often to cope with the years of war, the administrative expenses and the huge supply of the court. Privileged income is far from being able to cope with growing expenses. In addition, the "limited Royalty" concept in the British tradition makes the tax collection system in Britain imperfect, and the king must be able to levy taxes through the approval of the parliament, which is often long, not much, and unable to cope with the emergency. The way of fundraising began to be widely used in the royal family.
From the beginning of Edward I, the king began to systematically use the financial method of borrowing. In order to obtain loans, the king did not hesitate to give some commercial privileges to the banker or businessman who borrowed money to the king. The people who could provide loans for the king include the Bank of Italy, the native businessmen, the church and the monastery. In addition to providing loans to the king, they can also master many British commercial monopoly privileges, such as the export tariff of wool. The king often borrows from the king with a tariff as a guarantee, so that it can not only borrow the money, but also avoid the tariff management loopholes caused by official malfeasance or greed. In the contention of commercial monopoly privileges, the native businessmen, under the premise of insufficient personal capital, formed a group of syndicated collectives to provide loans to the king, and the purpose of the church and the monastery to provide the king with loans was mainly to obtain cheap property.
In the trade between the king and the Bank of Italy and the merchant of his own country, the king always grasped the initiative. They had had a very sweet period, but the final relationship ended with the imbalance of interest. Some of the banks of Italy went bankrupt, and the domestic businessmen realized the danger of lending to the king. When the Black Death attacked. The British economy had been badly hit by Britain after the attack. At the same time, British tariffs were greatly reduced due to the transition of the trade structure. The king's lending activities were hindered and announced in 1485.
Looking through the lending activities of the kings in the medieval England, the king relieved financial difficulties by borrowing, but at the same time it lost a lot of vested interests, such as the loss of customs revenue, the monopoly of wool and so on. In addition, the amount of the monarchs' loans was often very large and difficult to be repaid in one time and had to be supplemented from other places. The way to repay, which resulted in the enlargement of the king's lending, was invisible to the possibility of the development of British monopoly capital. The king's borrowing from domestic merchants promoted the development of the "distributed land" system in the British wool trade, and Edward S was therefore called the "father of the United Kingdom".
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：F835.61;K561.3

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