苏俄与凯末尔政府友好关系的建立与发展（1917-1925）

发布时间：2018-07-28 14:03

【摘要】：俄国十月革命之前，苏土两国由于领土问题，历史积怨颇深。十月革命后，新生的苏维埃俄国面临着严峻的国内外形势，帝国主义国家企图把这个新生的政权扼杀在摇篮里，对苏俄进行武装干涉，并支持苏俄境内的反动分子叛乱；而此时的奥斯曼帝国由于在一战中失败，也面临着国家解体的命运。1920年8月，协约国强迫奥斯曼苏丹签订了《色佛尔条约》，对其领土进行瓜分和占领，土耳其事实上已经沦为英法等国的半殖民地，面临着亡国灭种的危机。为挽救民族危亡，穆斯塔法·凯末尔领导土耳其民族独立战争，抵抗妄图把土耳其变为半殖民地的帝国主义列强。一战之后，苏土两国出于应对西方大国武装干涉的共同要求，走上了合作之路。两国开始抛弃历史上的前嫌，双方关系迅速得到改善。苏维埃政府从物质上、道义上支援土耳其民族独立战争，对土耳其民族解放战争给予有力支持，并于1920年6月率先承认了土耳其国民政府。土耳其凯末尔政府在自身经济形势严峻之时，对苏俄大饥荒伸出援手，帮助苏俄顺利渡过经济困境。1921年3月16日《苏土友好条约》的签订，两国正式建立外交关系，打破了两国的外交孤立状态，，苏维埃政府第一次正式得到外交上的承认。此后，洛桑会议上，土耳其在黑海海峡问题上对英国妥协，一度使两国的亲密关系蒙上了一层阴影。然而英土在摩苏尔问题上的矛盾，使土耳其再次倒向苏俄，1925年，两国又签订了《苏土友好中立条约》，在更多的领域开始了交流与合作。纵观苏俄与凯末尔政府的关系，双方之间虽存在意识形态的分歧、领土的争端等矛盾，但由于在客观的国际形势下出于共同利益的考虑，两国不遗余力地选择了“友好合作”道路，使双方都突破艰难险阻并取得了很大的发展空间。历史再次证明了两个道理：利益是国际外交的天枰；合作是国际社会的主题。本论文试图将一个微小的历史片段放归到当时的大环境中去探究，力求对这一事件进行更为深入的研究，为他人作国际关系史贡献微薄之力。
[Abstract]:Before Russia's October Revolution, the Soviet Union and Turkey had a deep history of grudges over territorial issues. After the October Revolution, the nascent Soviet Russia was faced with a severe domestic and international situation, and the imperialist countries attempted to strangle the nascent regime in the cradle, to carry out armed interference in Soviet Russia, and to support the reactionary insurrection in Soviet Russia. At this time, the Ottoman Empire was faced with the fate of the disintegration of the state because of its defeat in World War I. in August 1920, the allies forced the Sultan of Ottoman to sign the Treaty of Sephor to partition and occupy its territory. Turkey has in fact become a semi-colony of Britain and France, facing a crisis of extinction. To save the nation, Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish National Independence War against the imperialist powers trying to turn Turkey into a semi-colony. After World War I, the Soviet Union and Turkey set out on the road of cooperation in response to the common demands of armed intervention by Western powers. The two countries began to cast aside their historical past and relations improved rapidly. The Soviet government supported the Turkish National Independence War materially and morally and gave strong support to the War of Turkish National Liberation. In June 1920 it was the first to recognize the Turkish National Government. At a time when the economic situation of Turkey was severe, the Kemal government offered a helping hand to the Soviet Union and Russia to tide over the economic difficulties smoothly. On March 16, 1921, the signing of the Treaty of Friendship between the Soviet Union and Turkey, the two countries formally established diplomatic relations. The Soviet government was officially recognized for the first time by breaking diplomatic isolation between the two countries. Since then, Turkey's compromise with Britain over the Black Sea Strait at the Lobsang conference has cast a shadow over the close relationship between the two countries. However, the contradiction between Britain and Turkey on the Mosul issue made Turkey turn back to Russia again. In 1925, the two countries signed the Treaty of Friendship and neutrality between the two countries, and began exchanges and cooperation in more fields. Throughout the relations between Russia and the Kemal government, although there are ideological differences and territorial disputes between the two sides, due to the consideration of common interests under the objective international situation, The two countries have spared no effort to choose the road of "friendly cooperation", which has enabled both sides to break through difficulties and obstacles and have great room for development. History proves once again that interest is the balance of international diplomacy and that cooperation is the theme of the international community. This paper attempts to put a small historical fragment into the general environment at that time to explore the event, and to make a more in-depth study of this event, and to contribute to the history of international relations for others.
【学位授予单位】：山西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K151

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