论工业化时期苏联向西方国家的借鉴

发布时间：2018-07-29 08:37

【摘要】：19世纪二三十年代是苏联历史上极其关键的转折时期。作为世界上第一个社会主义国家，苏联虽然完成了十月革命，但仍时刻面临帝国主义侵略、颠覆的危险，政治孤立、经济封锁、军事包围。无论在政治、经济或是其他方面，苏联都与其他资本主义国家差距明显。伟大的革命导师列宁从苏俄当时的国情出发，，制定了在“经济上极力利用、加紧利用和迅速利用资本主义的西方”的战略方针。列宁逝世后，斯大林作为最高领导人，吸收借鉴西方资本主义的先进成果，如引进外资、机器设备和科学技术，学习西方先进管理经验，曾使苏联社会主义工业化的发展速度达到了历史上空前未有的水平，大大促进了苏联经济力量和综合国力的增长，对苏联迅速发展为社会主义强国具有重要的意义。在写作过程中，本文主要从三个部分进行了具体论述：第一部分对工业化的内涵和主要方式进行了说明。工业化是指在一定的社会经济制度下，随着社会生产力的发展，手工劳动逐渐被大机器生产操作所取代，进而实现由农业国向工业国的转变。工业化的发展道路一般可以分为苏联式、美国式、德国和日本式，三种工业化道路在发起力量，发展方式上各有不同。第二部分主要论述了工业化时期苏联向西方学习的成因，主要从向西方学习的背景和条件加以具体论述。一方面从苏联严峻的国内国外形势下所呈现的与西方资本主义国家的政治、经济、军事的明显差距入手，揭示苏联向西方学习的必然性和必要性。另一方面，也从经济危机的有利国际条件和苏联自身的优势论述了向西方学习的条件，侧面论证了在当时形势下，斯大林工业化方针实施的适时性。第三部分主要论述了工业化时期苏联向西方学习的表现。以向西方先进技术、外国资金及先进设备、先进管理经验的学习为重点，对工业化时期苏联向西方的学习加以全面论述。第四部分对苏联工业化过程中向西方学习借鉴的影响和局限性加以总结归纳，从经济、国防实力分析其产生的实际效果，并从科技贡献率、产业结构分配程度、管理成果等方面论述了其局限性。第五部分作为文章的结束部分，综合运用国家政治学和马克思主义理论辩证的看待苏联在工业化时期向西方学习的这一举措。揭示在国家利益之下，两种制度的国家在社会经济政策上的相互影响和相互借鉴的规律，并深刻反思了苏联工业化时期向西方学习对我国的启示。
[Abstract]:The 1920s and 1930s were a crucial turning point in the history of the Soviet Union. As the first socialist country in the world, although the Soviet Union completed the October Revolution, it still faced the danger of imperialist aggression, subversion, political isolation, economic blockade and military siege. Politically, economically and otherwise, the Soviet Union is far from the rest of the capitalist world. Lenin, the great revolutionary mentor, set out the strategic policy of "making full use of the economy, intensifying and rapidly utilizing capitalism in the West" from the conditions of Soviet Russia at that time. After Lenin's death, Stalin, as the supreme leader, absorbed the advanced achievements of Western capitalism, such as the introduction of foreign capital, machinery and equipment, science and technology, and learned from the advanced management experience of the West. The speed of the Soviet Union's socialist industrialization has reached an unprecedented level in history, which has greatly promoted the growth of the Soviet Union's economic strength and comprehensive national strength, and is of great significance to the rapid development of the Soviet Union into a socialist power. In the process of writing, this paper mainly discusses from three parts: the first part explains the connotation and main ways of industrialization. Industrialization means that under a certain social and economic system, with the development of social productive forces, manual labor is gradually replaced by the operation of large machines, and then the transition from agricultural country to industrial country is realized. The road of industrialization can be divided into Soviet style, American style, German style and Japanese type. The second part mainly discusses the causes of Soviet learning from the West in the industrialization period, mainly from the background and conditions of learning from the West. On the one hand, from the obvious gap of politics, economy and military between Soviet Union and western capitalist countries under the severe domestic and foreign situation, it reveals the inevitability and necessity of Soviet learning from the west. On the other hand, it also discusses the conditions of learning from the West from the favorable international conditions of economic crisis and the advantages of the Soviet Union itself, and demonstrates the timeliness of the implementation of Stalin's industrialization policy under the circumstances at that time. The third part mainly discusses the Soviet Union's performance of learning from the West during the industrialization period. Focusing on the study of advanced western technology, foreign capital, advanced equipment and advanced management experience, the study of Soviet Union to the West during the industrialization period was comprehensively discussed. The fourth part summarizes the influence and limitation of learning from the west in the process of Soviet industrialization, analyzes the actual effect from the economic and national defense strength, and analyzes the contribution rate of science and technology, the degree of industrial structure distribution. Management results and other aspects discussed its limitations. The fifth part, as the end of the article, synthetically uses the national politics and the Marxist theory dialectically to look at the Soviet Union's learning from the West in the industrialization period. This paper reveals the mutual influence of the two systems on the social and economic policies and the law of mutual reference under the national interests, and deeply reflects on the enlightenment of the Soviet Union's learning from the West during the industrialization period of the Soviet Union.
【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：K512.5

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