为上帝而战—保守基督教在美国政治中的影响力

发布时间：2018-08-11 14:55

【摘要】：自美国建国以来，宗教与政治之间就有着千丝万缕的联系。18世纪末期，独立不久的美国通过联邦宪法第一修正案，确立了政教分离制度。作为欧洲文明延续和发展的国家，美国没有实行当时盛行于欧洲国家的政教合一制，而是根据欧洲国家政教合一的弊端和美国人追求宗教自由的坚定信念，制定了政教分离这一重大的宪法原则。这既是一种历史选择，也是美国人限制“政”和“教”权力的法律约束。然而，尽管宪法对政教关系做了原则性的规定，如宪法第一修正案这样写道：“国会不得立法建立国教或禁止宗教自由”，但这种文字意思表述不清，条文规定太笼统，为人们对它作出不同解读和诠释留下了很大空间，也为司法机构裁决留下了大量的发挥余地。譬如，政教之间如何分离？什么问题上必须分离？什么问题上不必分离？一言以蔽之，宪法第一修正案没有在“政”与“教”之间划出一条泾渭分明的分界线。更为重要的是，宪法第一修正案仅限制了“政”对“教”的干涉，而没有限制“教”对“政”的干预，造成了两者互为约束的不平衡现象，为后者影响和干预前提供了方便之门及法律依据。本文旨在探讨宗教在塑造和影响美国政治上的作用，，分析它对美国政策制定的影响。鉴于美国宗教组织多如“过江之卿”，而政治问题又数不胜数，本文以基督教保守派在堕胎问题上的政治运作为研究对象，通过前者的干预和影响方式来揭示“教”对“政”的作用。为此，本文第一章重点介绍美国政教分离的历史渊源及理论基础。第二章就美国利益集团影响和作用政治进程的方式展开了讨论，说明美国宗教组织在影响政治进程时的方式与其他利益集团并无二致。第三章以基督教保守派中的天主教为例，通过对该教派在堕胎问题上政治行为的分析，来证实本论文的论点尽管宪法第一修正案确立了“政教分离”原则，但在实际政治运作中，这种分离并不是绝对的，而是可以“分而不离”的。
[Abstract]:Since the founding of the United States, religion and politics have been inextricably linked. At the end of the 18th century, the newly independent United States established the system of separation of state and religion through the first Amendment of the Federal Constitution. As a country with the continuation and development of European civilization, the United States did not implement the system of integration of politics and religion, which prevailed in European countries at that time, but based on the shortcomings of the unity of politics and religion in European countries and the firm belief of Americans in the pursuit of religious freedom. A major constitutional principle of separation of church and state was established. This is both a historical choice and a legal constraint on American power to restrict politics and religion. However, although the Constitution provides in principle for the relationship between church and state, such as the first Amendment, which states that "Congress shall not legislate to establish a state religion or prohibit religious freedom", the meaning of this text is unclear and the provisions are too general. It leaves a lot of room for people to interpret and interpret it differently, as well as a lot of room for judicial decisions. How, for example, is the separation of church and state? What issues must be separated? What need not be separated? In a word, the first Amendment does not draw a clear line between politics and religion. More importantly, the first Amendment of the Constitution restricted only the interference of "politics" in "religion", but not the interference of "education" in "politics", which resulted in the imbalance between the two. For the latter influence and intervention before providing convenient door and legal basis. The purpose of this paper is to explore the role of religion in shaping and influencing American politics and to analyze its influence on American policy making. In view of the fact that there are many religious organizations in the United States as "across the river," and there are numerous political problems, this article focuses on the political operation of Christian conservatives on the issue of abortion. Through the former's intervention and influence, this paper reveals the effect of "education" on "politics". Therefore, the first chapter focuses on the historical origin and theoretical basis of the separation of church and state in the United States. The second chapter discusses the influence and function of American interest groups on the political process, and explains that the American religious organizations influence the political process in the same way as other interest groups. The third chapter, taking Catholicism among Christian conservatives as an example, confirms the argument in this paper by analyzing the political behavior of the sect on abortion, even though the first Amendment of the Constitution establishes the principle of "separation of church and state". However, in the actual political operation, this separation is not absolute, but can be divided without leaving.
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：K712

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