冷战结束后美国对拉美政策

发布时间：2018-08-22 12:00

【摘要】：理想主义和现实主义是美国对拉美政策中同时存在的两条主线。美国对拉美政策是以理想主义为方向与目标，以现实主义为手段和方法。本文从理想主义与现实主义角度，首先简析美国对拉美政策的历史，然后尝试对冷战后美国对拉美政策进行初步理论分析。冷战后，世界出现一超多强的趋势。美国做为世界上唯一的超级大国，卷入欧洲、亚洲、非洲等全球事务，如推进北约东扩，解决科索沃危机和海湾危机，进行阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争等。对相对稳定的拉美没有投入“自家”后院式的关注，甚至有所忽略与冷落。美国在拉美的战略总体就是维护美国的领导地位的同时，保证拉美的和平与稳定，促使其坚持美国提供的发展模式，就是美国式的民主政治与自由经济模式。同时从现实出发，帮助解决拉美经济与社会发展中的一些危机，如金融危机、债务危机和毒品走私等以免波及美国。美国在美洲比较重大的新突破就是成立北美自由贸易区，但是并未能如愿在2005年推广到整个美洲地区。在这个大背景下，冷战结束期间及其后美国历任三届总统，主要政策就是在拉美继续巩固民主，并促进美国与拉美之间及拉美内部经济与政治合作，与拉美国家合作解决如恐怖主义等新的安全威胁。前苏联解体后，拉美的政治总体进入了一个稳定发展的新时期。新自由主义大行其道，代议制民主在拉美逐步得到巩固，美国对拉美各国的政治影响力大大增加。但是，进入新世纪，，拉美国家的独立性与自主不断增强，与美国疏远的国家越来越多。面对发展中的拉美国家，美国采取支持与打压的两手，争取让拉美在自己指引的“民主”的道路上前进，以营造一个美国人的美洲。冷战最后十年拉美经济经历了“失去的十年”，冷战后，拉美经济进入了低速发展与稳定增长的新时期。而1997年到2002年，拉美经济发展又经历了五年时间的动荡起伏，2003年开始恢复稳定并加快了发展速度直到目前为止。作为拉美地区经济实质上的领导者和带动者，被称为美洲经济“火车头”的美国借此促进新自由主义在拉美的稳定和发展。与此同时，与拉美的地区性大国争夺地区经济的领导权。这也促使美国加强推行其对拉美政策的力度。
[Abstract]:Idealism and realism are two main lines of American policy towards Latin America. American policy toward Latin America takes idealism as its direction and goal, realism as its means and method. From the perspective of idealism and realism, this paper first briefly analyzes the history of American policy towards Latin America, and then attempts to make a preliminary theoretical analysis of American policy towards Latin America after the Cold War. After the cold war, the world appeared a super strong trend. As the only superpower in the world, the United States is involved in global affairs such as promoting NATO's eastward expansion, resolving the crisis in Kosovo and the Gulf, carrying out the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and so on. The relative stability of Latin America is not devoted to "own" backyard attention, or even ignored and ignored. The overall strategy of the United States in Latin America is to safeguard the leading position of the United States, at the same time to ensure peace and stability in Latin America, and to urge it to adhere to the development model provided by the United States, that is, the American-style model of democratic politics and free economy. At the same time, from the point of view of reality, we will help solve some crises in Latin America's economic and social development, such as the financial crisis, the debt crisis and drug smuggling so as not to spread to the United States. A major American breakthrough in the Americas was the establishment of the North American Free Trade area (NAFTA), but failed to reach the entire region in 2005. Against this background, during and after the end of the Cold War, the main policy of the United States was to continue to consolidate democracy in Latin America and to promote economic and political cooperation between the United States and Latin America as well as within Latin America. Cooperate with Latin American countries to address new security threats such as terrorism. After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Latin American politics entered a new period of stable development. Neoliberalism is popular, representative democracy has been gradually consolidated in Latin America, and the United States has greatly increased its political influence over Latin American countries. However, in the new century, the independence and autonomy of Latin American countries are increasing, and more countries are alienating from the United States. In the face of developing Latin American countries, the United States has adopted both support and repression, striving for Latin America to move forward on its own "democratic" road to create an American America. Latin American economy experienced a lost decade in the last decade of the Cold War. After the Cold War, Latin American economy entered a new period of slow development and steady growth. From 1997 to 2002, Latin American economic development experienced five years of turbulence and ups and downs, in 2003 began to restore stability and accelerated the pace of development until now. As the economic leader and driving force in Latin America, the United States, known as the "locomotive" of American economy, promotes the stability and development of neoliberalism in Latin America. At the same time, with Latin America's regional powers for regional economic leadership. This also prompted the United States to strengthen its policy towards Latin America.
【学位授予单位】：上海国际问题研究所
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D871.2;K153

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